Department of Geography, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, 92182-4493, San Diego, CA, USA.
School of Public Affairs, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, 92182-4493, San Diego, CA, USA.
Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Mar 15;195(4):469. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11075-2.
The rapid expansion of cities and continuous urban population growth underscores a need for sustainable urban development. Sustainable development is that which addresses human needs, contributes to well-being, is economically viable, and utilizes natural resources at a degree sustainable by the surrounding environmental systems. Urban green spaces, green roofs, and solar panels are examples of environmentally sustainable urban development (ESUD), or development that focuses on environmental impact, but also presents the potential to achieve social and economic sustainability. The aim of this study was to map and compare amounts of ESUD c. 2010 and c. 2019 through an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach using National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial orthoimagery for six mid- to large-size cities in the USA. The results of this study indicate a hybrid OBIA and manual interpretation approach applied to NAIP orthoimagery may allow for reliable mapping and areal estimation of urban green space and green roof changes in urban areas. The reliability of OBIA-only mapping and estimation of areal extents of existing green roofs, and new and existing solar panels, is inconclusive due to low mapping accuracy and coarse spatial resolution of aerial orthoimagery relative to some ESUD features. The three urban study areas in humid continental climate zones (Dfa) were estimated to have greater areal extent of new and existing urban green space and existing green roofs, but less areal extent of new green roofs and existing solar panels compared to the three study areas in humid subtropical climate zones (Cfa).
城市的快速扩张和持续的城市人口增长，突显了可持续城市发展的必要性。可持续发展是指满足人类需求、促进福祉、具有经济可行性，并在周围环境系统可持续的程度上利用自然资源。城市绿地、绿色屋顶和太阳能电池板是环境可持续城市发展（ESUD）的例子，或者说发展重点是环境影响，但也有可能实现社会和经济的可持续性。本研究的目的是通过基于对象的图像分析（OBIA）方法，利用美国六个中到大型城市的国家农业图像计划（NAIP）航空正射影像，绘制和比较 2010 年和 2019 年的 ESUD 数量。本研究的结果表明，混合 OBIA 和手动解释方法应用于 NAIP 正射影像，可能允许对城市地区的城市绿地和绿色屋顶变化进行可靠的映射和面积估计。由于航空正射影像相对于某些 ESUD 特征的映射精度和空间分辨率较低，因此 OBIA 仅用于映射和估计现有绿色屋顶以及新的和现有的太阳能电池板的面积范围的可靠性尚不确定。在湿润大陆性气候区（Dfa）的三个城市研究区域估计具有更大的新的和现有的城市绿地以及现有的绿色屋顶面积范围，但与湿润亚热带气候区（Cfa）的三个研究区域相比，新的绿色屋顶和现有的太阳能电池板面积范围较小。
