Pande Arundhati, Anjankar Ashish
Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND.
Cureus. 2023 Feb 9;15(2):e34824. doi: 10.7759/cureus.34824. eCollection 2023 Feb.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the human body's neck region. The thyroid produces three hormones that are essential for regulating body temperature, energy production, weight, hair and nail growth, and menstrual cycle maintenance. The production of these hormones is controlled by a feedback mechanism. Various factors cause changes in the stimulation and inhibition of these hormones, which ultimately causes either excessive release or a decrease in the levels of thyroid hormones. These causes can be physiological or pathological. One of the physiological causes is pregnancy. Pregnancy is a very complex process in which many changes occur in the body and its functioning. One of which is changes in the maternal thyroid gland. The inability to adequately adapt to the changes leads to the abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland. During pregnancy, there is a variation in the concentration of thyroid hormones which may cause a decrease in levels or inhibition in the production of thyroid hormones. This condition is called hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism in pregnant mothers can either be gestational or may be a condition that is present way before her pregnancy. Often, gestational hypothyroidism reverts after delivery during the postpartum period but can also be present as subclinical hypothyroidism. In such cases, they pose a significant threat to development, cause growth hindrance to the infant in the womb, and cause abnormalities in the offspring in the future. Some of the changes occur in the gland because of enhancement in levels of thyroid binding globulin, increased clearance rate of iodine from the body in kidneys, altered effects in human chorionic gonadotropin hormone, and decreased consumption of iodine in meals. Iodine disbalance in maternal hypothyroidism is associated with severe health issues like cretinism and mental retardation. Thyroid hormones are crucial for the infant's neural, cognitive, and intelligence quotient development in the womb. Thus, the disturbances in the maternal hormone levels disturb typical early developmental characteristics. In the world of rapidly advancing scientific research, there are many ways in which this condition can be detected early, diagnosed correctly, and given apt and required attention and treatment for causing the least harm to the fetus and the mother.
甲状腺是位于人体颈部的蝴蝶形腺体。甲状腺产生三种激素，这些激素对于调节体温、能量生成、体重、毛发和指甲生长以及维持月经周期至关重要。这些激素的产生由一种反馈机制控制。各种因素会导致这些激素的刺激和抑制发生变化，最终导致甲状腺激素水平过度释放或降低。这些原因可能是生理性的或病理性的。生理性原因之一是怀孕。怀孕是一个非常复杂的过程，在此过程中身体及其功能会发生许多变化。其中之一是母体甲状腺的变化。无法充分适应这些变化会导致甲状腺功能异常。在怀孕期间，甲状腺激素的浓度会发生变化，这可能导致甲状腺激素水平降低或产生抑制作用。这种情况称为甲状腺功能减退。怀孕母亲的甲状腺功能减退可能是妊娠期的，也可能是在怀孕前就已存在的病症。通常，妊娠期甲状腺功能减退在产后会恢复，但也可能以亚临床甲状腺功能减退的形式存在。在这种情况下，它们对发育构成重大威胁，会阻碍子宫内婴儿的生长，并在未来导致后代出现异常。腺体发生的一些变化是由于甲状腺结合球蛋白水平升高、肾脏中碘从体内的清除率增加、人绒毛膜促性腺激素的作用改变以及膳食中碘的消耗量减少。母体甲状腺功能减退中的碘失衡与克汀病和智力迟钝等严重健康问题有关。甲状腺激素对子宫内婴儿的神经、认知和智商发育至关重要。因此，母体激素水平的紊乱会干扰典型的早期发育特征。在科学研究迅速发展的当今世界，有许多方法可以早期检测出这种病症，正确诊断，并给予适当且必要的关注和治疗，以对胎儿和母亲造成最小的伤害。
