Investigation of mutation load and rate in androgenic mutant lines of rapeseed in early generations evaluated by high-density SNP genotyping.

Oilseed rape () is an important oil crop distributed worldwide with a broad adaptation to different climate zones. The cultivation of rapeseed is one of the most commercially viable areas in crop production. Altogether 269,093 ha of rapeseed are cultivated in Kazakhstan. However, all rapeseed cultivars and lines cultivated in Kazakhstan on an industrial scale predominantly belong to the foreign breeding system. Therefore, the formation of a diverse genetic pool for breeding new, highly productive cultivars adopted to the environmental conditions of Kazakhstan is the most important goal in country selection programs. In this work, we have developed ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) doubled haploid mutant lines from plant material of cultivars 'Galant' and 'Kris' to broad diversity of rapeseed in Kazakhstan. The development of mutant lines was performed via embryo callusogenesis or embryo secondary callusogenesis. Mutants were investigated by Brassica90k SNP array, and we were able to locate 24,657 SNPs from 26,256 SNPs filtered by quality control on the genome assembly (Bra_napus_v2.0). Only 18,831 SNPs were assigned to the available annotated genomic features. The most frequent combination of mutations according to reference controls was adenine with guanine (70%), followed by adenine with cytosine (28.8%), and only minor fractions were cytosine with guanine (0.54%) and adenine with thymine (0.59%). We revealed 5606.27 markers for 'Kris' and 4893.01 markers for 'Galant' by mutation occurrence. Most mutation occurrences were occupied by double mutations where progenitors and offspring were homozygous by different alleles, enabling the selection of appropriate genotypes in a short period of time. Regarding the biological impact of mutations, 861 variants were reported as having a low predicted impact, with 1042 as moderate and 121 as high; all others were reported as belonging to non-coding sequences, intergenic regions, and other features with the effect of modifiers. Protein encoding genes, such as wall-associated receptor kinase-like protein 5, TAO1-like disease resistance protein, receptor-like protein 12, and At5g42460-like F-box protein, contained more than two variable positions, with an impact on their biological activities. Nevertheless, the obtained mutant lines were able to survive and reproduce. Mutant lines, which include moderate and high impact mutations in encoding genes, are a perfect pool not only for MAS but also for the investigation of the fundamental basis of protein functions. For the first time, a collection of mutant lines was developed in our country to improve the selection of local rapeseed cultivars.