Williams K R, Cavanagh P R, Ziff J L
Human Performance Laboratory University of California, Davis.
Int J Sports Med. 1987 Nov;8 Suppl 2:107-18. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025715.
The experiments showed the elite women runners to be predominantly midfoot strikers. Their ground reaction forces showed peaks of 3.3 times body weight in the vertical component, 0.8 times body weight in the braking phase, and 0.3 times body weight in the mediolateral direction. The asymmetry in their ground reaction forces was expressed mainly in the mediolateral component. Only minor differences were found between ground reaction forces in racing and training shoes. More abduction during foot placement was associated with greater rearfoot motion and with greater change in mediolateral component of velocity. Among the numerous moderate to high correlations of interest were those between vertical oscillation and peak vertical force, crossover and change in mediolateral velocity, and between movements of the swing leg and mediolateral force values. There were very few correlations between running economy and biomechanical variables, and stride length correlated poorly with stature. The elite runners were shorter in stature, lighter, had shorter legs and considerably less iliac crest fat than a typical non-athletic female population. The runners also had narrower pelves than a student population of similar age. They were reasonably homogeneous and symmetrical in anthropometric dimensions. Compared with a group of elite male runners at the same running velocity, the elite women exhibited more hip flexion, greater angular velocities in hip flexion and extension, and longer stride lengths relative to leg length during running. Their vertical oscillation (expressed relative to leg length) was less than that shown by their male counterparts. On the issue of relative pelvic width, the women had greater relative bitrochanteric and bi-iliac crest widths but similar bispinous widths compared to the elite male runners (all values expressed relative to leg length). Clearly the issue of male-female pelvic width differences at the elite level is not as simple as had previously been suggested.
实验表明，精英女性跑步者主要是中足着地。她们的地面反作用力在垂直方向上达到体重的3.3倍峰值，在制动阶段为体重的0.8倍，在内外侧方向为体重的0.3倍。她们地面反作用力的不对称主要表现在内外侧分量上。在跑鞋和训练鞋的地面反作用力之间仅发现微小差异。脚着地时更多的外展与更大的后足运动以及速度内外侧分量的更大变化相关。在众多中度到高度相关的因素中，垂直振荡与垂直力峰值、交叉步与内外侧速度变化以及摆动腿运动与内外侧力值之间存在相关性。跑步经济性与生物力学变量之间的相关性非常少，步幅与身高的相关性也很差。与典型的非运动员女性群体相比，精英跑步者身材更矮、体重更轻、腿更短且髂嵴脂肪更少。这些跑步者的骨盆也比同龄学生群体的骨盆更窄。他们在人体测量维度上相当均匀且对称。与一组相同跑步速度的精英男性跑步者相比，精英女性在跑步时表现出更多的髋关节屈曲、更大的髋关节屈伸角速度以及相对于腿长更长的步幅。她们的垂直振荡（相对于腿长表示）比男性同行要小。在相对骨盆宽度问题上，与精英男性跑步者相比，女性的大转子间和双髂嵴宽度相对更大，但双棘突宽度相似（所有值均相对于腿长表示）。显然，精英水平上男女骨盆宽度差异的问题并不像之前所认为的那么简单。
