Genetic testing for Parkinson's disease in clinical practice.

The identification of disease-causing mutations or strong risk factors for Parkinson's disease in genes encoding proteins such as α-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), or glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) has led to a better understanding of the different components of disease pathogenesis. Many gene and mutation-specific targeted disease-modifying treatments are under development and several studies are under way. It is, therefore, important to raise awareness among patients and their families and to offer genetic testing, at least to those patients who are considering to participate in innovative trials.