Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, 132001, India.
Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2024 Apr;16(2):443-458. doi: 10.1007/s12602-023-10062-w. Epub 2023 Mar 18.
To sustain host health and provide the microbial community with a nutrient-rich environment, the host and gut microbiota must interact with one another. These interactions between commensal bacterial and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as the first line of defense against gut microbiota in preserving intestinal homeostasis. In this microenvironment, the post-biotics and similar molecules such as p40 exert several beneficial effects through regulation of IECs. Importantly, post-biotics were discovered to be transactivators of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in IECs, inducing protective cellular responses and alleviating colitis. The transient exposure to post-biotics such as p40 during the neonatal period reprograms IECs by upregulation of a methyltransferase, Setd1β, leading to a sustained increase in TGF- β release for the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestinal lamina propria and durable protection against colitis in adulthood. This crosstalk between the IECs and post-biotic secreted factors was not reviewed previously. Therefore, this review describes the role of probiotic-derived factors in the sustainability of intestinal health and improving gut homeostasis via certain signaling pathways. In the era of precision medicine and targeted therapies, more basic, preclinical, and clinical evidence is needed to clarify the efficacy of probiotics released as functional factors in maintaining intestinal health and preventing and treating disease.
为了维持宿主健康并为微生物群落提供富含营养的环境，宿主和肠道微生物群必须相互作用。这些共生细菌和肠道上皮细胞（IECs）之间的相互作用是保护肠道内稳态的第一线防御机制。在这种微环境中，后生元和类似的分子，如 p40，通过调节 IECs 发挥多种有益作用。重要的是，后生元被发现是 IECs 中表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）的转录激活物，诱导保护性细胞反应并缓解结肠炎。在新生儿期短暂暴露于后生元（如 p40）可通过上调甲基转移酶 Setd1β 来重编程 IECs，导致 TGF-β持续释放，从而增加肠道固有层中的调节性 T 细胞（Tregs）的扩增，并在成年期提供持久的结肠炎保护。IECs 和后生元分泌因子之间的这种串扰以前没有被综述过。因此，本文描述了益生菌衍生因子在通过特定信号通路维持肠道健康和改善肠道内稳态方面的作用。在精准医学和靶向治疗时代，需要更多的基础、临床前和临床证据来阐明作为功能因子释放的益生菌在维持肠道健康以及预防和治疗疾病方面的功效。
