Dynamic back movement measured using a three-dimensional television system.

A technique for the measurement of rotational human back movements in three dimensions has been developed. The spatial coordinates of reflective markers on rigs attached to the back surface were calculated using a calibrated television/computer system. A mathematical analysis of the change in these coordinates, as subjects performed set manoeuvres, was developed to provide unique descriptions of the rotational movements in terms of clinical angles related to anatomical frames of reference. The technique produced angles of rotation with maximum errors about any axis of +/- 2 degrees, with a root mean square error of less than 1 degree. The analysis of back movements using surface markers was shown to be feasible from studies of six volunteers who demonstrated consistent patterns of movement which were similar to previously reported patterns of spinal movement measured radiographically.