Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2023 Mar;17(3):231-243. doi: 10.1111/eip.13333. Epub 2022 Jun 15.
Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse-control, dissociative and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2 × 2 × 2 state space. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at-risk groups.
Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration.
The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted "macro-level" phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e. anxiety, dissociation/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted 'micro-level' temporal processing (i.e. psychotic, impulse-control, autistic and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders).
The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective.
时间是精神病理学的核心方面，具有临床应用和早期干预的潜力。在各种精神障碍中，如情绪（抑郁和躁狂）、焦虑、自闭症、冲动控制、分离和注意缺陷/多动障碍，时间体验、感知、判断和处理都会发生扭曲。这些时间障碍能否用作早期诊断或预测标志物？为了回答这个问题，我们开发了一个跨诊断时间分类法（紊乱）（TTT），它映射到每个潜在障碍的症状学、现象学、感知和功能描述在 2×2×2 状态空间中。时间扭曲可能先于功能下降，因此有助于在高危人群中进行早期检测和干预。
首先，本文将时间处理的心理模型与时间体验或感知的主观或现象学模型进行了整合。其次，使用综合的时间联合模型来启发式地将主要精神障碍映射到时间流动和整合的基本要素上。
TTT 系统地描述了八种精神疾病诊断类别的基本时间性质。它区分了主要与扭曲的“宏观”现象时间体验相关的诊断（即焦虑、分离/创伤后应激障碍、抑郁和躁狂）与主要与扭曲的“微观”时间处理相关的诊断（即精神病、冲动控制、自闭症和注意缺陷/多动障碍）。
TTT 允许根据可能存在的潜在时间障碍对各种精神障碍进行差异化诊断分类，这对于使用时间处理、时间感知、时间流逝和时间视角的新型时间技术进行未来的诊断和预测目的非常有用。
