CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, PO BOX 50700, Pakistan.
Environ Geochem Health. 2023 Jul;45(7):4837-4851. doi: 10.1007/s10653-023-01527-6. Epub 2023 Mar 22.
The current study highlights the occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of 16 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including their transformation products (TPs) in the wastewater and surface water of Lahore, Pakistan, using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The parent EDCs include bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), 4-n-octylphenol (4n-OP), and 4-n-nonylphenol (4n-NP). The TPs include two TPs each of BPA, TCC, and estrogens along with a TP of TCS. Most EDCs showed 100% detection frequency in the wastewater with highest median concentration of 1310 ng/L for E3. In the surface water, the highest median concentration was, however, observed for BPA (54.6 ng/L). Spatial variations in terms of sum of concentration due to all EDCs and their TPs were observed at different sampling points which suggest contamination due to industrial waste from nearby industrial estate. Risk evaluation in terms of risk quotient (RQ) and estradiol equivalent factor (EEQ) showed that most of EDCs and their TPs could pose high risk and estrogenicity to the surrounding environment. From the results of the current study, it is observed that the environment of Pakistan is deteriorating and is potential risk for endocrine disruption. It is, therefore, recommended to take stringent measures to make it sustainable for current as well as for future generations.
本研究采用固相萃取结合液质联用和气质联用技术，重点研究了 16 种内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）及其转化产物（TPs）在巴基斯坦拉合尔市废水和地表水环境中的赋存、空间分布及风险评估。这些 EDCs 包括双酚 A（BPA）、三氯生（TCS）、三氯卡班（TCC）、雌酮（E1）、雌二醇（E2）、雌三醇（E3）、乙炔雌二醇（EE2）、4-正辛基酚（4n-OP）和 4-正壬基酚（4n-NP）。这些 TPs 包括 BPA、TCC 和雌激素各两个 TPs，以及一个 TCS 的 TPs。大多数 EDCs 在废水中的检出率达到 100%，其中 E3 的中位数浓度最高，为 1310 ng/L。而在地表水中，BPA 的中位数浓度最高，为 54.6 ng/L。不同采样点的所有 EDCs 及其 TPs 的浓度总和存在空间差异，这表明附近工业区的工业废物造成了污染。根据风险商（RQ）和雌二醇当量因子（EEQ）进行的风险评估表明，大多数 EDCs 及其 TPs 可能对周围环境造成高风险和雌激素效应。从本研究结果可以看出，巴基斯坦的环境正在恶化，存在内分泌干扰的潜在风险。因此，建议采取严格的措施，使其既能满足当前的需要，也能满足未来几代人的需要。
