Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, and Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
Reproduction. 2023 Apr 21;165(6):F1-F13. doi: 10.1530/REP-22-0453. Print 2023 Jun 1.
Developmental programming refers to the long-term programming of gene expression during fetal and postnatal development, resulting in altered organ function even into adulthood. This review describes how maternal and paternal sustenance and stress, as well as fetal sex, all matter in large animal models and affect developmental programming of the offspring.
Developmental programming is the concept that certain health outcomes throughout life can be linked to early fetal or postnatal development. Progress in understanding concepts and mechanisms surrounding developmental programming is heavily leveraged by the use of large animal models. Numerous large animal models have been developed that apply a host of different maternal stressors and, more recently, paternal stressors. Maternal nutrition is the most researched maternal stressor applied during gestation and includes both global nutrient supply and models that target specific macro- or micro- nutrients. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the many large animal models of developmental programming and to discuss the importance of sex effects (including paternal contributions) in study design and data interpretation.
发育编程是指在胎儿和产后发育过程中基因表达的长期编程，即使在成年后也会导致器官功能改变。本综述描述了母体和父体的营养和压力以及胎儿性别如何在大型动物模型中起作用，并影响后代的发育编程。
发育编程是指生命中某些健康结果可以与早期胎儿或产后发育联系起来的概念。理解发育编程相关概念和机制的进展在很大程度上依赖于大型动物模型的使用。已经开发了许多大型动物模型，应用了多种不同的母体应激源，最近还应用了父体应激源。母体营养是研究最多的妊娠期间应用的母体应激源，包括全球营养供应和针对特定宏量或微量营养素的模型。本综述的重点是提供发育编程的许多大型动物模型概述，并讨论性别效应（包括父体贡献）在研究设计和数据解释中的重要性。
