Chavatte-Palmer Pascale, Tarrade Anne, Rousseau-Ralliard Delphine
UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas 78350, France.
PremUp foundation, Paris 75006, France.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jun 14;13(6):586. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13060586.
This review article outlines epidemiologic studies that support the hypothesis that maternal environment (including early nutrition) plays a seminal role in determining the offspring's long-term health and metabolism, known as the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). In this context, current concerns are particularly focused on the increased incidence of obesity and diabetes, particularly in youth and women of child-bearing age. We summarize key similarities, differences and limitations of various animal models used to study fetal programming, with a particular focus on placentation, which is critical for translating animal findings to humans. This review will assist researchers and their scientific audience in recognizing the pros and cons of various rodent and non-rodent animal models used to understand mechanisms involved in fetal programming. Knowledge gained will lead to improved translation of proposed interventional therapies before they can be implemented in humans. Although rodents are essential for fundamental exploration of biological processes, other species such as rabbits and other domestic animals offer more tissue-specific physiological (rabbit placenta) or physical (ovine maternal and lamb birth weight) resemblances to humans. We highlight the important maternal, placental, and fetal/neonatal characteristics that contribute to developmentally programmed diseases, specifically in offspring that were affected in utero by undernutrition, overnutrition or maternal diabetes. Selected interventions aimed at prevention are summarized with a specific focus on the 1000 days initiative in humans, and maternal exercise or modification of the n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) balance in the diet, which are currently being successfully tested in animal models to correct or reduce adverse prenatal programming. Animal models are essential to understand mechanisms involved in fetal programming and in order to propose interventional therapies before they can be implemented in humans. Non-rodent animals are particularly important and should not be neglected, as they are often more physiologically-appropriate models to mimic the human situation.
这篇综述文章概述了一些流行病学研究，这些研究支持这样一种假说，即母体环境（包括早期营养）在决定后代的长期健康和新陈代谢方面起着至关重要的作用，这就是健康与疾病的发育起源（DOHaD）概念。在此背景下，当前人们尤其关注肥胖症和糖尿病发病率的上升，特别是在青少年和育龄妇女中。我们总结了用于研究胎儿编程的各种动物模型的主要异同点和局限性，特别关注胎盘形成，这对于将动物研究结果转化为人类研究至关重要。这篇综述将帮助研究人员及其科学界读者认识到用于理解胎儿编程所涉及机制的各种啮齿动物和非啮齿动物模型的优缺点。所获得的知识将有助于在人类实施干预疗法之前更好地进行转化。尽管啮齿动物对于生物过程的基础探索至关重要，但其他物种，如兔子和其他家畜，在组织特异性生理（兔胎盘）或物理（羊母体和羔羊出生体重）方面与人类有更多相似之处。我们强调了导致发育性程序化疾病的重要母体、胎盘和胎儿/新生儿特征，特别是在子宫内受到营养不足、营养过剩或母体糖尿病影响的后代中。总结了一些旨在预防的选定干预措施，特别关注人类的1000天倡议，以及母体运动或饮食中n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）平衡的改变，目前这些措施正在动物模型中成功进行测试，以纠正或减少不良的产前编程。动物模型对于理解胎儿编程所涉及的机制以及在人类实施干预疗法之前提出干预措施至关重要。非啮齿动物尤其重要，不应被忽视，因为它们通常是更适合模拟人类情况的生理模型。
