Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1354:63-76. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_4.
Maternal nutritional status affects conceptus development and, therefore, embryonic survival, growth, and development. These effects are apparent very early in pregnancy, which is when most embryonic losses occur. Maternal nutritional status has been shown to affect conceptus growth and gene expression throughout the periconceptual period of pregnancy (the period immediately before and after conception). Thus, the periconceptual period may be an important "window" during which the structure and function of the fetus and the placenta are "programmed" by stressors such as maternal malnutrition, which can have long-term consequences for the health and well-being of the offspring, a concept often referred to as Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) or simply developmental programming. In this review, we focus on recent studies, using primarily animal models, to examine the effects of various maternal "stressors," but especially maternal malnutrition and Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART, including in vitro fertilization, cloning, and embryo transfer), during the periconceptual period of pregnancy on conceptus survival, growth, and development. We also examine the underlying mechanisms that have been uncovered in these recent studies, such as effects on the development of both the placenta and fetal organs. We conclude with our view of future research directions in this critical area of investigation.
母体营养状况会影响胚胎的发育，从而影响胚胎的存活、生长和发育。这些影响在妊娠早期就很明显，而大多数胚胎丢失都发生在这个时期。母体营养状况已被证明会影响胚胎在妊娠前概念期（受孕前后的时期）的生长和基因表达。因此，前概念期可能是一个重要的“窗口”，在这个时期，胎儿和胎盘的结构和功能会被母体营养不良等压力因素“编程”，这可能会对后代的健康和幸福产生长期影响，这一概念通常被称为健康与疾病的发育起源（DOHaD）或简单的发育编程。在这篇综述中，我们主要关注最近的研究，使用动物模型来研究在妊娠前概念期，各种母体“压力源”，特别是母体营养不良和辅助生殖技术（ART，包括体外受精、克隆和胚胎移植）对胚胎存活、生长和发育的影响。我们还研究了这些最近的研究中揭示的潜在机制，例如对胎盘和胎儿器官发育的影响。最后，我们对这一关键研究领域的未来研究方向提出了看法。
