Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Department of Life Sciences, Unidad de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Plaza de San Diego S/N, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain.
Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Department of Life Sciences, Unidad de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Plaza de San Diego S/N, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jun 15;877:162961. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162961. Epub 2023 Mar 21.
Humans have introduced non-native trees (NNT) all over the world to take advantage of the plethora of benefits they provide. However, depending on the context, NNT may present a diverse range of effects on ecosystem services (ES), from benefits to drawbacks, which may hinder the development of policies for these species. Unfortunately, the attempts so far to understand the impacts of NNT on ES only explained a low proportion of their variation. Here we analyze the variation in impacts of NNT on regulating ecosystem services (RES) by using a global database, which covers the effect size of multiple NNT species on six RES (climate regulation, soil erosion regulation, soil fertility, soil formation, hydrological cycle regulation, and fire protection). We used a wide range of predictors to account for the context-dependency of impacts distributed in five groups: the RES type, functional traits of both the NNT and the dominant NT of the recipient ecosystem, phylogenetic and functional distances between NNT and NT, climatic context, and human population characteristics. Using boosted regression trees and regression trees, we found that the most influential predictors of NNT impacts on RES were annual mean temperatures and precipitation seasonality, followed by the type of RES, human population density, and NNT height. In regions with warm temperatures and low seasonality, NNT tended to increase RES. NNT impacts were greater in densely populated regions. Smaller NNT exerted greater positive impacts on climate regulation and soil erosion regulation in tropical regions than in other climates. We highlight that benign climates and high population density exacerbate the effects of NNT on RES, and that soil fertility is the most consistently affected RES. Knowledge of the factors that modulate NNT impacts can help to predict their potential effects on RES in different parts of the world and at various environmental settings.
人类在世界各地引入非本地树种（NNT），以利用它们提供的大量益处。然而，根据具体情况，NNT 对生态系统服务（ES）可能会产生多种影响，从有利到不利，这可能会阻碍这些物种的政策制定。不幸的是，迄今为止，人们试图了解 NNT 对 ES 的影响，仅能解释其变化的一小部分。在这里，我们使用一个全球数据库来分析 NNT 对调节生态系统服务（RES）的影响的变化，该数据库涵盖了多种 NNT 物种对六种 RES（气候调节、土壤侵蚀调节、土壤肥力、土壤形成、水文循环调节和防火）的影响大小。我们使用了广泛的预测因子来解释受影响的大小与五个组的相关性，这五个组分别是 RES 类型、受纳生态系统中 NNT 和主要 NT 的功能特征、NNT 和 NT 之间的系统发育和功能距离、气候背景和人口特征。使用增强回归树和回归树，我们发现，NNT 对 RES 影响的最具影响力的预测因子是年平均温度和降水季节性，其次是 RES 类型、人口密度和 NNT 高度。在温暖和季节性较低的地区，NNT 往往会增加 RES。人口密度高的地区 NNT 影响更大。在热带地区，较小的 NNT 对气候调节和土壤侵蚀调节的积极影响大于其他气候。我们强调，有利的气候和高人口密度会加剧 NNT 对 RES 的影响，而土壤肥力是最受影响的 RES。了解调节 NNT 影响的因素可以帮助预测它们在世界不同地区和不同环境中的潜在影响。
