Howlett-Downing Chantelle, Boman Johan, Molnár Peter, Shirinde Joyce, Wichmann Janine
Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa.
Atmospheric Science Division, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2023;58(4):342-358. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2186653. Epub 2023 Mar 24.
Exposure to outdoor air pollutants poses a risk for both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic respiratory disease outcomes. A standardized health risk assessment (US EPA) utilizes air quality data, body mass and breathing rates to determine potential risk. This health risk assessment study assesses the hazard quotient (HQ) for total PM and trace elemental constituents (Br, Cl, K, Ni, S, Si, Ti and U) exposure in Pretoria, South Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline (5 µg m) and the yearly South African National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (20 µg m) were the references dosages for total PM. A total of 350 days was sampled in Pretoria, South Africa. The mean total PM concentration during the 34-month study period was 23.2 µg m (0.7-139 µg m). The HQ for total PM was 1.17, 3.47 and 3.78 for adults, children and infants. Non-carcinogenic risks for trace elements K, Cl, S and Si were above 1 for adults. Seasonally, Si was the highest during autumn for adults (1.9) and during spring for S (5.5). The HQ values for K and Cl were highest during winter. The exposure to Ni posed a risk for cancer throughout the year and for As during winters.
暴露于室外空气污染物会导致非致癌性和致癌性呼吸道疾病。标准化健康风险评估（美国环境保护局）利用空气质量数据、体重和呼吸频率来确定潜在风险。这项健康风险评估研究评估了南非比勒陀利亚总颗粒物和痕量元素成分（溴、氯、钾、镍、硫、硅、钛和铀）暴露的危害商数（HQ）。世界卫生组织（WHO）空气质量指南（5µg/m）和南非年度国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS）（20µg/m）是总颗粒物的参考剂量。在南非比勒陀利亚共采样350天。在为期34个月的研究期间，总颗粒物的平均浓度为23.2µg/m（0.7 - 139µg/m）。成人、儿童和婴儿的总颗粒物危害商数分别为1.17、3.47和3.78。成人中，痕量元素钾、氯、硫和硅的非致癌风险高于1。按季节来看，成人秋季的硅最高（1.9），春季的硫最高（5.5）。钾和氯的危害商数在冬季最高。镍的暴露全年都有致癌风险，砷在冬季有致癌风险。
