Herrmann Heinz
Torrens University Australia, 17/51 Foveaux St, Surry Hills NSW, 2010, Australia.
Heliyon. 2023 Mar 11;9(3):e14379. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14379. eCollection 2023 Mar.
Industry is adopting artificial intelligence (AI) at a rapid pace and a growing number of countries have declared national AI strategies. However, several spectacular AI failures have led to ethical concerns about responsibility in AI development and use, which gave rise to the emerging field of responsible AI (RAI). The field of responsible innovation (RI) has a longer history and evolved toward a framework for the entire research, development, and innovation life cycle. However, this research demonstrates that the uptake of RI by RAI has been slow. RAI has been developing independently, with three times the number of publications than RI. The objective and knowledge contribution of this research was to understand how RAI has been developing independently from RI and contribute to how RI could be leveraged toward the progression of RAI in a causal loop diagram. It is concluded that stakeholder engagement of citizens from diverse cultures across the Global North and South is a policy leverage point for moving the RI adoption by RAI toward global best practice. A role-specific recommendation for policy makers is made to deploy modes of engaging with the Global South with more urgency to avoid the risk of harming vulnerable populations. As an additional methodological contribution, this study employs a novel method, systematic science mapping, which combines systematic literature reviews with science mapping. This new method enabled the discovery of an emerging 'axis of adoption' of RI by RAI around the thematic areas of ethics, governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustainability. 828 Scopus articles were mapped for RI and 2489 articles were mapped for RAI. The research presented here is by any measure the largest systematic literature review of both fields to date and the only cross-disciplinary review from a methodological perspective.
工业界正在迅速采用人工智能（AI），越来越多的国家已经宣布了国家人工智能战略。然而，一些引人注目的人工智能失败案例引发了对人工智能开发和使用中责任的伦理担忧，这催生了负责任人工智能（RAI）这一新兴领域。负责任创新（RI）领域的历史更长，并逐渐发展成为一个适用于整个研究、开发和创新生命周期的框架。然而，这项研究表明，RAI对RI的采用进展缓慢。RAI一直在独立发展，其出版物数量是RI的三倍。这项研究的目的和知识贡献在于了解RAI如何独立于RI发展，并在因果循环图中为如何利用RI推动RAI的发展做出贡献。研究得出结论，全球南北不同文化背景公民的利益相关者参与是推动RAI采用RI走向全球最佳实践的政策杠杆点。针对政策制定者提出了一项特定角色的建议，即更紧迫地部署与全球南方互动的模式，以避免伤害弱势群体的风险。作为一项额外的方法学贡献，本研究采用了一种新颖的方法——系统科学映射，该方法将系统文献综述与科学映射相结合。这种新方法揭示了RAI围绕伦理、治理、利益相关者参与和可持续性等主题领域采用RI的一条新兴“采用轴”。为RI绘制了828篇Scopus文章，为RAI绘制了2489篇文章。无论从何种标准衡量，这里呈现的研究都是迄今为止这两个领域最大规模的系统文献综述，也是从方法学角度进行的唯一跨学科综述。
