Troshina T I, Morozova O M
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2023;100(1):63-68. doi: 10.17116/kurort202310001163.
For a long time, balneotherapy and health resort treatment was considered the privilege of the well-to-do. In Russia, recreational areas developed much later than in Europe. Their development was directly related to restoring the health of the military, the more so since these areas, with few exceptions, were located near the outskirts of the country and the location of large military contingents. The outbreak of the First World War aggravated the lack of capacities of domestic health-resorts. The state expanded the benefits to private and cooperative capital for the development of old resorts and the establishment of new ones. Because of the prolonged delay typical for the tsarist bureaucracy, the work on the development of the domestic health resorts began only in 1916. The war showed the importance of health resorts for preserving the army's combat efficiency and, in some cases, prevented the implementation of these projects due to concern of the local authorities and people towards an increase in the number of outsiders in the formerly sparsely populated areas. After the revolution, the Soviet social support agencies were involved in the distribution of spa vouchers to cash-strapped workers. In the northern provinces, the meager budgets received state funding for the establishment of health resorts on the mined-out salt fields. The local councils of the South set up health resorts in nationalized private dachas. Health resorts of the Black Sea coast and Kavminvod have never stopped their work. They functioned as boarding houses for retired military personnel. After the Civil War, every effort was made to attract leisure travelers to the country's resorts. Voucher-holders and «savage» travelers had privileges in food provision. Later, the resort areas were assigned to the first supply category. Despite eight years of military operations on the Russian territory during these years, there were conditions for a sharp growth of mass health resort recreation. This article reviews a large number of original sources and is intended to show, using historical examples, the state importance of health resorts as a means of medical rehabilitation. Paradoxically, it is under difficult political and economic circumstances that health resort recreation has become available for the general population.
长期以来，温泉疗法和疗养胜地治疗被视为富人的特权。在俄罗斯，度假区的发展比欧洲晚得多。其发展与恢复军人健康直接相关，尤其是因为这些地区除了少数例外，都位于该国郊区以及大批军事部队的驻地附近。第一次世界大战的爆发加剧了国内疗养胜地设施的不足。国家扩大了对私人和合作资本的优惠政策，以发展旧的疗养胜地并建立新的疗养胜地。由于沙皇官僚机构一贯的长期拖延，国内疗养胜地的开发工作直到1916年才开始。战争表明了疗养胜地对于保持军队战斗力的重要性，并且在某些情况下，由于地方当局和民众担心以前人口稀少地区的外来人员数量增加，这些项目的实施受到了阻碍。革命后，苏联社会支持机构参与向资金紧张的工人发放温泉疗养券。在北方省份，微薄的预算获得了国家资金，用于在废弃的盐田上建立疗养胜地。南方的地方议会在国有化的私人别墅中设立了疗养胜地。黑海沿岸和卡姆明沃德的疗养胜地从未停止过运营。它们作为退休军人的寄宿公寓发挥着作用。内战结束后，人们尽一切努力吸引休闲游客前往该国的疗养胜地。持券人和“野人”游客在食物供应方面享有特权。后来，度假区被列为第一供应类别。尽管这些年俄罗斯领土上进行了八年的军事行动，但大众疗养胜地休闲仍有大幅增长的条件。本文回顾了大量原始资料，旨在通过历史实例展示疗养胜地作为医疗康复手段的国家重要性。矛盾的是，正是在艰难的政治和经济环境下，疗养胜地休闲才面向普通民众开放。
