Native and Non-Native NAFME Haplotypes Can Be Implicated in Dispersal of Endemic and Introduced Begomoviruses in Oman.

Irrigated agriculture and global trade expansion have facilitated diversification and spread of begomoviruses (), transmitted by the (Gennadius) cryptic species. Oman is situated on major crossroads between Africa and South Asia, where endemic/native and introduced/exotic begomoviruses occur in agroecosystems. The 'B mitotype' belongs to the North Africa-Middle East (NAFME) cryptic species, comprising at least eight endemic haplotypes, of which haplotypes 6 and/or 8 are recognized invasives. Prevalence and associations among native and exotic begomoviruses and NAFME haplotypes in Oman were investigated. Nine begomoviral species were identified from infesting crop or wild plant species, with 67% and 33% representing native and exotic species, respectively. Haplotypes 2, 3, and 5 represented 31%, 3%, and 66% of the population, respectively. Logistic regression and correspondence analyses predicted 'strong'- and 'close' virus-vector associations involving haplotypes 5 and 2 and the exotic chili leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) and endemic tomato yellow leaf curl virus-OM, respectively. Patterns favor a hypothesis of relaxed virus-vector specificity between an endemic haplotype and the introduced ChiLCV, whereas the endemic co-evolved TYLCV-OM and haplotype 2 virus-vector relationship was reinforced. Thus, in Oman, at least one native haplotype can facilitate the spread of endemic and introduced begomoviruses.