Keulartz Jozef
Wageningen School of Social Sciences (WASS), Wageningen University and Research, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Institute for Science in Society, Radboud University, 6500 HC Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Animals (Basel). 2023 Mar 9;13(6):998. doi: 10.3390/ani13060998.
To develop an adequate ethical framework for a futureproof zoo, we have to employ what I would call a 'bifocal' view, in which zoo animals are seen simultaneously as individuals in need of specific care and as members of a species in need of protection. From such a bifocal view, the zoo's policy should aim to strike a fair, morally acceptable balance between its effort to ensure the welfare of individual animals and its obligation to contribute to species conservation. I will argue that the prospects of the zoo to achieve such a balance are promising. Since early 21st century, zoos have made serious and sustained efforts to ensure and enhance animal welfare. The zoo's huge animal welfare concerns are reflected in the development of animal enrichment programs and the increased use of training technics. At the same time, the zoo's contribution to species conservation has also improved considerably. Zoos have found solutions for the problems created by their lack of space, such as innovative enclosure designs, specialization, regional and global cooperation, the interactive exchange of in situ and ex situ populations, and the shift away from large charismatic mammals towards smaller species. Zoos have also improved their conservation performance by broadening their conservationist role to include research, training, education, awareness campaigns, and direct financial and technical support for in situ projects. I will occasionally illustrate certain developments using examples drawn from ARTIS Zoo, the fifth oldest zoo in the world, located in the centre of my hometown Amsterdam.
为了为面向未来的动物园制定一个适当的伦理框架，我们必须采用一种我称之为“双焦”的视角，即动物园动物同时被视为需要特殊照料的个体以及需要保护的物种成员。从这种双焦视角来看，动物园的政策应该旨在在确保个体动物福利的努力与为物种保护做出贡献的义务之间达成公平、道德上可接受的平衡。我将论证动物园实现这种平衡的前景是乐观的。自21世纪初以来，动物园已经做出了认真且持续的努力来确保和提升动物福利。动物园对动物福利的巨大关注体现在动物丰容计划的发展以及训练技术使用的增加上。与此同时，动物园对物种保护的贡献也有了显著提升。动物园已经为因空间不足而产生的问题找到了解决方案，比如创新的圈舍设计、专业化、区域和全球合作、原地和迁地种群的互动交流，以及从大型有魅力的哺乳动物转向小型物种。动物园还通过扩大其保护角色，将研究、培训、教育、宣传活动以及对原地项目的直接资金和技术支持纳入其中，提升了其保护成效。我将偶尔用位于我家乡阿姆斯特丹市中心的世界第五古老动物园阿蒂斯动物园的例子来说明某些发展情况。
