Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland.
Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland.
Genes (Basel). 2023 Feb 21;14(3):539. doi: 10.3390/genes14030539.
The remains of 12 canid species that date back ca. 4.9 myr have been found at 116 paleontological localities. Among these localities, eight are dated to the Pliocene age, 12 are dated to the Early Pleistocene age, 12 are from the Middle Pleistocene age, while the most numerous group includes 84 sites from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene age. Some, especially older forms such as and , have only been found at single sites, while the remains of species from the genus , and have been recorded at numerous sites from the last 2 myr. Ancient canids such as and had already vanished from Poland in the Earliest Pleistocene, between 2.5 and 2.2 myr ago. Poland's extant canid fauna is characterised by the presence of two new species, which spread into the territory due to a human introduction () or natural expansion (). Research indicates a strong competition between dogs, especially between , and , with a strong lycaon-limiting effect on the wolf between 2.5 and 0.4 myr ago. After the extinction of , evolved rapidly, increasing in number and size, and taking over the niche occupied by . In order to reduce competition, the body size of gradually reduced, and it became an animal adapted to the forest, highland and mountain environments. Generally, the history of canids in Poland is similar to that known of Eurasia with some noteworthy events, such as the early occurrence of cf. from Węże 2 (2.9-2.6 myr ago), from Rębielice Królewskie 1A or one of the latest occurrences of from Draby 3 (430-370 kyr). Predominantly lowland or upland in the southern part and devoid of significant ecological barriers, Poland is also an important migration corridor in the East-West system. This 500-600 km wide corridor was the Asian gateway to Europe, from where species of an eastern origin penetrated the continent's interior. In colder periods, it was in turn a region through which boreal species or those associated with the mammoth steppe retreated.
已在 116 个古生物学地点发现了可追溯到约 490 万年前的 12 种犬科动物的遗骸。在这些地点中，有 8 个地点的年代可追溯到上新世，12 个地点的年代可追溯到早更新世，12 个地点的年代可追溯到中更新世，而数量最多的一组包括 84 个来自晚更新世-全新世的地点。有些，特别是像 和 这样的较老的形式，仅在单个地点被发现，而来自 和 属的物种的遗骸已在过去 200 万年的众多地点被记录。像 和 这样的古代犬科动物早在 2500 万至 2200 万年前的最早更新世就已经从波兰消失了。波兰现存的犬科动物群的特点是存在两个新物种，它们由于人类引入（）或自然扩张（）而传播到该地区。研究表明，狗之间存在着强烈的竞争，尤其是在 和 之间，并且在 2500 万至 400 万年前对狼有强烈的限制作用。在灭绝后，迅速进化，数量和体型增加，并占据了 的栖息地。为了减少竞争，的体型逐渐减小，它变成了一种适应森林、高地和山地环境的动物。总的来说，波兰的犬科动物历史与欧亚大陆的历史相似，有一些值得注意的事件，例如在 Węże 2（2900 万至 2600 万年前）发现的 cf. ，在 Rębielice Królewskie 1A 发现的 或在 Draby 3 发现的最晚的之一（43 万至 37 万年前）。波兰南部主要是低地或高地，没有显著的生态障碍，也是东西向系统中的一个重要迁徙走廊。这条 500-600 公里宽的走廊是亚洲通往欧洲的门户，来自东方起源的物种从这里渗透到欧洲大陆的内部。在较冷的时期，它又是一个北方物种或与猛犸象草原相关的物种撤退的地区。
