Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 13;20(6):5057. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20065057.
Wheat is the third most cultivated cereal in the world and represents the major contributor to human nutrition. Milling wheat by-products such as husks (17-20% of the total processing output weight), even if still containing high-value-added bioactive compounds, are often left untreated or unused, thus resulting in environmental and human health burdens. In these regards, the present study is aimed at evaluating in a multimethodological approach the nutraceutical properties of durum wheat husks belonging to the ancient cultivar "Senatore Cappelli", thus assessing their potential as bioactive compound sources in terms of phytochemical, cytotoxic, and nutraceutical properties. By means of HPLC-FD analyses, wheat husk samples analyzed revealed a higher content of serotonin, amounting to 35% of the total BAs, and were confirmed to occur at biogenic amines quality index (BAQI) values <10 mg/100 g. In addition, spectrophotometric assays showed a significant variable content in the phenolic (189.71-351.14 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant compounds (31.23-37.84 mg TE/100 g) within the wheat husk samples analyzed, according to the different cultivar areas of origin. Considering wheat husk extracts' anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, in vitro analyses were performed on BV-2 murine microglia cells cultured in the presence or absence of LPS, thus evaluating their ability to promote microglia polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Cytotoxicity assays showed that wheat extracts do not affect microglia viability. Wheat husks activity on microglial polarization was assessed by analyzing the expression of M1 and M2 markers' mRNA by RT-PCR. Wheat husk antioxidant activity was assessed by analysis of NRF2 and SOD1 mRNA expression. Moreover, the sustainability assessment for the recovery of bioactive components from wheat by-products was carried out by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology using SimaPro v9.2.2. software.
小麦是世界上第三大种植谷物，也是人类营养的主要来源。尽管麦麸（占总加工产量的 17-20%）等小麦加工副产物仍含有高附加值的生物活性化合物，但通常未经处理或未被利用，从而对环境和人类健康造成负担。在这方面，本研究旨在采用多方法学方法评估古老品种“Senatore Cappelli”的硬质小麦麸皮的营养特性，从而评估其作为生物活性化合物来源的潜力，包括植物化学、细胞毒性和营养特性。通过 HPLC-FD 分析，分析的麦麸样品显示出较高含量的血清素，占总 BAs 的 35%，并且证实生物胺质量指数（BAQI）值<10mg/100g。此外，分光光度法测定表明，在所分析的麦麸样品中，酚类（189.71-351.14mg GAE/100g）和抗氧化化合物（31.23-37.84mg TE/100g）的含量存在显著差异，这取决于不同的品种起源地区。考虑到麦麸提取物的抗炎和抗氧化活性，在体外分析中使用 LPS 培养的 BV-2 小鼠小胶质细胞进行了分析，从而评估了它们促进小胶质细胞向抗炎表型极化的能力。细胞毒性测定表明，小麦提取物不会影响小胶质细胞的活力。通过 RT-PCR 分析 M1 和 M2 标记物的 mRNA 表达来评估麦麸对小胶质细胞极化的作用。通过分析 NRF2 和 SOD1 mRNA 表达来评估麦麸的抗氧化活性。此外，通过应用生命周期评估（LCA）方法，使用 SimaPro v9.2.2 软件，对从小麦副产物中回收生物活性成分的可持续性进行了评估。
