Francesconi Sara, Ronchetti Riccardo, Camaioni Emidio, Giovagnoli Stefano, Sestili Francesco, Palombieri Samuela, Balestra Giorgio Mariano
Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
Plants (Basel). 2023 Mar 8;12(6):1223. doi: 10.3390/plants12061223.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) are managed by the application of imidazole fungicides, which will be strictly limited by 2030, as stated by the European Green Deal. Here, a novel and eco-sustainable nanostructured particle formulation (NPF) is presented by following the principles of the circular economy. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and resistant starch were obtained from the bran of a high amylose (HA) bread wheat and employed as carrier and excipient, while chitosan and gallic acid were functionalized as antifungal and elicitor active principles. The NPF inhibited conidia germination and mycelium growth, and mechanically interacted with conidia. The NPF optimally reduced FHB and FCR symptoms in susceptible bread wheat genotypes while being biocompatible on plants. The expression level of 21 genes involved in the induction of innate immunity was investigated in Sumai3 (FHB resistant) Cadenza (susceptible) and Cadenza SBEIIa (a mutant characterized by high-amylose starch content) and most of them were up-regulated in Cadenza SBEIIa spikes treated with the NPF, indicating that this genotype may possess an interesting genomic background particularly responsive to elicitor-like molecules. Quantification of fungal biomass revealed that the NPF controlled FHB spread, while Cadenza SBEIIa was resistant to FCR fungal spread. The present research work highlights that the NPF is a powerful weapon for FHB sustainable management, while the genome of Cadenza SBEIIa should be investigated deeply as particularly responsive to elicitor-like molecules and resistant to FCR fungal spread.
镰刀菌穗腐病（FHB）和镰刀菌冠腐病（FCR）可通过施用咪唑类杀菌剂进行防治，但根据欧洲绿色协议，到2030年这类杀菌剂将受到严格限制。在此，我们遵循循环经济原则，提出了一种新型的、生态可持续的纳米结构颗粒制剂（NPF）。从高直链淀粉（HA）面包小麦的麸皮中提取纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）和抗性淀粉，并将其用作载体和辅料，同时将壳聚糖和没食子酸功能化作为抗真菌和诱导剂活性成分。NPF抑制分生孢子萌发和菌丝体生长，并与分生孢子发生机械相互作用。NPF能有效减轻易感面包小麦基因型的FHB和FCR症状，同时对植物具有生物相容性。在苏麦3号（抗FHB）、卡丹萨（易感）和卡丹萨SBEIIa（一种以高直链淀粉含量为特征的突变体）中研究了21个参与先天免疫诱导的基因的表达水平，其中大多数基因在用NPF处理的卡丹萨SBEIIa穗中上调，这表明该基因型可能具有一个特别对类诱导分子有反应的有趣基因组背景。真菌生物量的定量分析表明，NPF控制了FHB的传播，而卡丹萨SBEIIa对FCR真菌传播具有抗性。本研究工作突出表明，NPF是FHB可持续治理的有力武器，而卡丹萨SBEIIa的基因组应作为特别对类诱导分子有反应且对FCR真菌传播具有抗性的基因组进行深入研究。
