Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Med Anthropol Q. 2023 Jun;37(2):148-163. doi: 10.1111/maq.12757. Epub 2023 Mar 29.
China and India have become major producers of antibiotics, and the world has become highly dependent on them. Since 2000, the competition among Chinese and Indian manufacturers on key antibiotic ingredients has become increasingly intense in a series of trade disputes involving anti-dumping investigations. Analyzing these trade disputes, we find that they provide a space of communication and contestation where seemingly objective facts about pharmaceutical ingredients are transformed into debatable subjects, which are used and sometimes manipulated by stakeholders of conflicting interests. The disputes reveal entangled configurations and multilayered stakes in the China-India pharmaceutical nexus that often defy polarized national interests. Stakeholders must juggle multiple factors, including public health interests, nationalist sentiments, and corporate profit, in negotiating the national identities and the physical and chemical properties of "standard" pharmaceutical ingredients. The disputes also highlight the coexistence of collaboration and competition among Chinese and Indian stakeholders in global pharmaceutical supply chains. [antibiotics, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceutical nexus, dumping, trade disputes, China-India].
中国和印度已经成为抗生素的主要生产国，世界对它们的依赖程度很高。自 2000 年以来，在一系列涉及反倾销调查的贸易争端中，中印制造商在关键抗生素成分上的竞争变得愈发激烈。通过分析这些贸易争端，我们发现，它们提供了一个沟通和争论的空间，在这个空间中，关于药物成分的看似客观的事实被转化成了有争议的话题，这些话题被具有利益冲突的利益相关者利用，有时甚至被操纵。这些争端揭示了中印制药关系中纠缠的配置和多层次的利害关系，这些往往会使国家利益的两极化复杂化。利益相关者在谈判“标准”药物成分的国家身份和物理化学性质时，必须兼顾多个因素，包括公共卫生利益、民族主义情绪和企业利润。这些争端还凸显了中国和印度在全球制药供应链中的合作与竞争并存。[抗生素、活性药物成分 (APIs)、制药关系、倾销、贸易争端、中印]。
