Swetha K, Kotla Niranjan G, Tunki Lakshmi, Jayaraj Arya, Bhargava Suresh K, Hu Haitao, Bonam Srinivasa Reddy, Kurapati Rajendra
School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India.
Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Mar 14;11(3):658. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11030658.
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have recently emerged as one of the most advanced technologies for the highly efficient in vivo delivery of exogenous mRNA, particularly for COVID-19 vaccine delivery. LNPs comprise four different lipids: ionizable lipids, helper or neutral lipids, cholesterol, and lipids attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG). In this review, we present recent the advances and insights for the design of LNPs, as well as their composition and properties, with a subsequent discussion on the development of COVID-19 vaccines. In particular, as ionizable lipids are the most critical drivers for complexing the mRNA and in vivo delivery, the role of ionizable lipids in mRNA vaccines is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the use of LNPs as effective delivery vehicles for vaccination, genome editing, and protein replacement therapy is explained. Finally, expert opinion on LNPs for mRNA vaccines is discussed, which may address future challenges in developing mRNA vaccines using highly efficient LNPs based on a novel set of ionizable lipids. Developing highly efficient mRNA delivery systems for vaccines with improved safety against some severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remains difficult.
脂质纳米颗粒（LNPs）最近已成为用于高效体内递送外源mRNA的最先进技术之一，特别是用于新冠病毒疫苗的递送。LNPs由四种不同的脂质组成：可电离脂质、辅助或中性脂质、胆固醇以及连接聚乙二醇（PEG）的脂质。在本综述中，我们介绍了LNPs设计的最新进展和见解，以及它们的组成和性质，随后讨论了新冠病毒疫苗的开发。特别是，由于可电离脂质是使mRNA复合并进行体内递送的最关键驱动因素，因此详细讨论了可电离脂质在mRNA疫苗中的作用。此外，还解释了LNPs作为疫苗接种、基因组编辑和蛋白质替代疗法的有效递送载体的用途。最后，讨论了关于mRNA疫苗中LNPs的专家意见，这可能会解决基于一组新型可电离脂质使用高效LNPs开发mRNA疫苗时未来面临的挑战。开发针对某些严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）变体具有更高安全性的高效mRNA疫苗递送系统仍然很困难。
