Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, United States of America.
Burger, PHD, MPH, RD. Assistant Professor, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 2204 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB# 7461, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC, United States of America.
Physiol Behav. 2023 Jun 1;265:114175. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114175. Epub 2023 Mar 28.
Child appetitive traits, eating styles that reflect responsiveness to external influences and internal hunger and satiety signals, are associated with eating behaviors and susceptibility to excess weight gain. However, relatively little is known about early life influences on child appetitive traits. This study investigated relations of early life maternal feeding behaviors and food exposures with appetitive traits at age 3.5 years.
Participants of the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) and follow-up study were enrolled in early pregnancy and followed prospectively. This analysis included data collected from baseline through child aged 3.5-years (n = 160). Child appetitive traits at age 3.5 years were measured using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Age at introduction to fruit, vegetables, discretionary sweets, and discretionary savory foods was assessed, along with intake frequency at infant ages 6, 9, and 12 months, and 2 years. Maternal feeding to soothe was assessed at child aged 3, 6, and 12 months. Maternal permissive feeding was assessed at child aged 2 years. Multiple linear regressions estimated relations of maternal feeding behaviors and infant food exposures with child appetitive traits at age 3.5 years, controlling for sociodemographics and breastfeeding duration.
Maternal feeding to soothe at 6 (r = 0.39, p < 0.001) and 12 months (r = 0.39, p < 0.001) was positively associated with permissive feeding at 2 years. Maternal feeding to soothe at 12 months and permissive feeding at 2 years were associated with greater child emotional overeating, emotional undereating, and desire to drink. Older age at introduction to fruit (β = 0.20±0.08, p = 0.01) and younger age at introduction to discretionary sweet foods (β = -0.07±0.04, p = 0.06) were associated with greater emotional overeating. Older age at introduction to vegetables (β = 0.22±0.11, p = 0.04) and less frequent feeding of fruit (β = -0.20±0.08, p = 0.01) were associated with greater food fussiness.
Associations of emotional eating with parent feeding behaviors and early life food exposures suggest the potential for interventions targeting early life feeding to have long-term impact on child appetitive traits and diet quality.
儿童的食欲特质，即反映对外界影响和内部饥饿感和饱腹感信号的反应的饮食方式，与饮食习惯和易增重有关。然而，人们对早期生活对儿童食欲特质的影响知之甚少。本研究调查了早期生命中母亲喂养行为和食物暴露与 3.5 岁儿童食欲特质的关系。
参与妊娠饮食属性研究（PEAS）和后续研究的参与者在早期妊娠时被招募，并进行前瞻性随访。本分析包括了从基线到儿童 3.5 岁（n=160）期间收集的数据。使用儿童饮食行为问卷（Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire）测量儿童 3.5 岁时的食欲特质。评估水果、蔬菜、随意甜食和随意咸味食品的引入年龄，以及婴儿 6、9、12 个月和 2 岁时的摄入频率。在儿童 3、6 和 12 个月时评估母亲的安抚喂养情况。在儿童 2 岁时评估母亲的放纵喂养情况。采用多元线性回归估计母亲喂养行为和婴儿食物暴露与儿童 3.5 岁时食欲特质的关系，控制社会人口统计学和母乳喂养持续时间。
6 个月（r=0.39，p<0.001）和 12 个月（r=0.39，p<0.001）时母亲的安抚喂养与 2 岁时的放纵喂养呈正相关。12 个月时母亲的安抚喂养和 2 岁时母亲的放纵喂养与儿童的情绪过度进食、情绪进食不足和渴望喝饮料有关。水果引入年龄较大（β=0.20±0.08，p=0.01）和随意甜食引入年龄较小（β=-0.07±0.04，p=0.06）与情绪过度进食有关。蔬菜引入年龄较大（β=0.22±0.11，p=0.04）和水果喂养频率较低（β=-0.20±0.08，p=0.01）与食物挑剔有关。
情绪进食与父母喂养行为和早期生活食物暴露的关联表明，针对早期喂养的干预措施可能对儿童食欲特质和饮食质量产生长期影响。
