Center for Neuroscience and Society, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Departments of Psychology and Human Centered Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 30;13(1):5191. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32482-y.
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher rates of emotional disorders in childhood and beyond. Here we assessed one possible contributor to this disparity, a cognitive bias in the interpretation of negative events, in a group of 341 9-year-olds (49% female, 94% White) ranging widely in SES. This cognitive bias, known as pessimism in the attributional style literature, is the tendency to interpret negative events as persistent (Stable) and pervasive (Global). It was found to be more common among lower SES children (effect sizes = 0.18-0.24 depending on SES measures: income to needs ratio, proportion of poverty from birth to age 9, and parental educational attainment). Moreover, persistent, pervasive adversity in children's lives predicted this bias and mediated the SES-pessimism link. Pessimistic attributional style, in turn, was related to childhood emotional problems and mediated the relation between SES and these problems. Finally, evidence for serial mediation of the SES-mental health problems relationship was found via persistent, pervasive adversity and pessimism, respectively.
低社会经济地位（SES）与儿童期及以后更高的情绪障碍发生率有关。在这里，我们评估了 SES 差异的一个可能原因，即对负面事件的解释存在认知偏差，该认知偏差在一组 341 名 9 岁儿童（49%为女性，94%为白人）中得到了广泛评估，这些儿童 SES 差异很大。这种认知偏差在归因风格文献中被称为悲观主义，是指将负面事件解释为持久（稳定）和普遍（全局）的倾向。研究发现，较低 SES 的儿童中这种偏差更为常见（根据 SES 衡量标准，效应大小为 0.18-0.24：收入与需求比、从出生到 9 岁的贫困比例以及父母受教育程度）。此外，儿童生活中的持久普遍逆境预测了这种偏差，并在 SES-悲观主义之间起到了中介作用。反过来，悲观的归因方式与儿童的情绪问题有关，并在 SES 与这些问题之间起到了中介作用。最后，通过持久的、普遍的逆境和悲观主义，分别发现了 SES-心理健康问题关系的序列中介证据。
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