Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jun 20;878:163129. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163129. Epub 2023 Mar 29.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric particles constitute a topic of growing health concern. This study aims to calculate PAH concentrations, identify the source, assess the health risk from exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, and the respiratory deposition flux. PM and PM were collected in September 2019 in the urban, semi-urban, and semi-urban-industrial areas of Kuala Lumpur, Batu Pahat, and Bukit Rambai, respectively. A total of 18 PAHs from PM and 17 PAHs from PM were extracted using dichloromethane and determined using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The health risk assessment (HRA) calculated included B[a]P equivalent (B[a]P), lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and respiratory deposition dose (RDD). The results show PAHs in PM recorded in Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), Batu Pahat (UTHM), and Bukit Rambai are 9.91, 8.45, and 9.57 ng/m, respectively. The average PAHs in PM at the three sampling sites are 11.65, 9.68, and 9.37 ng/m, respectively. The major source of PAHs obtained from the DRs indicates pyrogenic activities for both particle sizes. For PM, the total B[a]P in DBKL, UTHM, and Bukit Rambai were 1.97, 1.82, and 2.32 ng/m respectively. For PM samples, the total B[a]P in DBKL, UTHM, and Bukit Rambai were 2.80, 2.33, and 2.57 ng/m respectively. The LLCR and ILCR show low to moderate risk for all age groups. The RDD of adults and adolescents is highest in both PM and PM, followed by children, toddlers, and infants. Overall, we perceive that adults and adolescents living in the urban area of Kuala Lumpur are at the highest risk for respiratory health problems because of prolonged exposure to PAHs in PM and PM, followed by children, toddlers, and infants.
多环芳烃（PAHs）在大气颗粒物中构成了一个日益引起健康关注的问题。本研究旨在计算 PAH 浓度，确定其来源，评估接触致癌 PAHs 的健康风险，并评估呼吸沉积通量。PM 和 PM 分别于 2019 年 9 月在吉隆坡的市区、半市区和半工业区、巴都白葛和武吉兰姆拜采集。使用二氯甲烷提取 PM 和 PM 中的 18 种和 17 种 PAHs，并使用气相色谱法与火焰电离检测器（GC-FID）进行测定。计算的健康风险评估（HRA）包括苯并[a]芘等效物（B[a]P）、终生肺癌风险（LLCR）、增量终生癌症风险（ILCR）和呼吸沉积剂量（RDD）。结果表明，吉隆坡（DBKL）、巴都白葛（UTHM）和武吉兰姆拜（Bukit Rambai）的 PM 中记录的 PAHs 分别为 9.91、8.45 和 9.57ng/m。三个采样点的 PM 中平均 PAHs 分别为 11.65、9.68 和 9.37ng/m。DRs 获得的 PAHs 的主要来源表明两种粒径的 PAHs 均来自于热解活动。对于 PM，DBKL、UTHM 和武吉兰姆拜的总 B[a]P 分别为 1.97、1.82 和 2.32ng/m。对于 PM 样品，DBKL、UTHM 和武吉兰姆拜的总 B[a]P 分别为 2.80、2.33 和 2.57ng/m。所有年龄段的 LLCR 和 ILCR 均显示出低至中度风险。成人和青少年在 PM 和 PM 中的 RDD 最高，其次是儿童、幼儿和婴儿。总体而言，我们认为，由于长期暴露于 PM 和 PM 中的 PAHs，居住在吉隆坡市区的成年人和青少年面临最高的呼吸健康问题风险，其次是儿童、幼儿和婴儿。
