Olde Engberink Rik H G, van Oosten Paula J, Weber Tobias, Tabury Kevin, Baatout Sarah, Siew Keith, Walsh Stephen B, Valenti Giovanna, Chouker Alexander, Boutouyrie Pierre, Heer Martina, Jordan Jens, Goswami Nandu
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
NPJ Microgravity. 2023 Apr 1;9(1):29. doi: 10.1038/s41526-023-00268-1.
Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years crucial questions regarding kidney physiology, volume regulation and osmoregulation remain unanswered. The complex interactions between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, osmoregulatory responses, glomerular function, tubular function, and environmental factors such as sodium and water intake, motion sickness and ambient temperature make it difficult to establish the exact effect of microgravity and the subsequent fluid shifts and muscle mass loss on these parameters. Unfortunately, not all responses to actual microgravity can be reproduced with head-down tilt bed rest studies, which complicates research on Earth. Better understanding of the effects of microgravity on kidney function, volume regulation and osmoregulation are needed with the advent of long-term deep space missions and planetary surface explorations during which orthostatic intolerance complaints or kidney stone formation can be life-threatening for astronauts. Galactic cosmic radiation may be a new threat to kidney function. In this review, we summarise and highlight the current understandings of the effects of microgravity on kidney function, volume regulation and osmoregulation and discuss knowledge gaps that future studies should address.
尽管人类进入太空已有50多年，但有关肾脏生理学、容量调节和渗透压调节的关键问题仍未得到解答。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统、交感神经系统、渗透压调节反应、肾小球功能、肾小管功能以及钠和水摄入、晕动病和环境温度等环境因素之间的复杂相互作用，使得难以确定微重力以及随后的体液转移和肌肉质量损失对这些参数的确切影响。不幸的是，并非所有对实际微重力的反应都能通过头低位卧床休息研究重现，这使得在地球上的研究变得复杂。随着长期深空任务和行星表面探索的出现，更好地了解微重力对肾功能、容量调节和渗透压调节的影响变得必要，在此期间，体位性不耐受症状或肾结石形成可能对宇航员生命构成威胁。银河宇宙辐射可能是对肾功能的新威胁。在这篇综述中，我们总结并强调了目前对微重力对肾功能、容量调节和渗透压调节影响的理解，并讨论了未来研究应解决的知识空白。
