Toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to human embryonic kidney cells and human normal liver cells: Effect of particle size and Pb enrichment.

Nanoplastics pollution in drinking water has aroused wide concern, but their effects on human health are still poorly understood. Herein we explore the responses of human embryonic kidney 293T cells and human normal liver LO2 cells to polystyrene nanoplastics, mainly focusing on the effects of particle sizes and enrichment of Pb. When the exposed particle size is higher than 100 nm, there is no obvious death for these two different cell lines. As the particle size decreases from 100 nm, cell mortality goes up. Although the internalization of polystyrene nanoplastics in LO2 cells is at least 5 times higher than that in 293T cells, the mortality of LO2 cells is lower than that of 293T cells, illustrating that LO2 cells are more resistant to polystyrene nanoplastics than 293T cells. Additionally, the Pb enrichment on polystyrene nanoplastics in water can further enhance their toxicity, which should be taken seriously. The cytotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to cell lines works through a molecular mechanism involving oxidative stress-induced damage of mitochondria and cell membranes, resulting in a decrease in ATP production and an increase in membrane permeability. Referenced to nanoplastics pollution in drinking water, there is no necessary to panic about the adverse effects of plastic itself on human health, but the enrichment of contaminants should get more attention. This work provides a reference for the risk assessment of nanoplastics in drinking water to human health.