Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
Chem Soc Rev. 2023 May 22;52(10):3326-3352. doi: 10.1039/d2cs01020h.
Light-based neuromodulation systems offer exceptional spatiotemporal resolution combined with the elimination of physical tether to communicate with neurons. Currently, optical neuromodulation systems ranging from the nano to the centimeter scale enable neural activity control from the single cell to the organ level in retina, heart, spinal cord, and brain, facilitating a wide range of experiments in intact and freely moving animals in different contexts, such as during social interactions and behavioral tasks. Nanotransducers (, metallic nanoparticles, silicon nanowires, and polymeric nanoparticles) and microfabricated photodiodes convert light to electrical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli that can allow remote and non-contact stimulation of neurons. Moreover, integrated devices composed of nano and microscale optoelectronic components comprise fully implantable and wirelessly powered smart optoelectronic systems that exhibit multimodal and closed-loop operation. In this review, we first discuss the material platforms, stimulation mechanisms, and applications of passive systems, , nanotransducers and microphotodiodes. Then, we review the use of organic and inorganic light-emitting diodes for optogenetics and implantable wireless optoelectronic systems that enable closed-loop optogenetic neuromodulation through the use of light-emitting diodes, wireless power transfer circuits, and feedback loops. Exploration of materials and mechanisms together with the presented applications from both research and clinical perspectives in this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the optical neuromodulation field with its advantages and challenges to build superior systems in the future.
基于光的神经调节系统提供了出色的时空分辨率，并消除了与神经元进行通信的物理束缚。目前，从纳米到厘米尺度的光学神经调节系统使我们能够在视网膜、心脏、脊髓和大脑等器官水平上对神经元活动进行控制，从单细胞到器官水平。这为在不同环境下（例如社交互动和行为任务期间）对完整和自由移动的动物进行广泛的实验提供了便利。纳米换能器（金属纳米粒子、硅纳米线和聚合物纳米粒子）和微加工光电二极管将光转换为电、热和机械刺激，从而可以实现对神经元的远程和非接触式刺激。此外，由纳米和微尺度光电组件组成的集成设备构成了完全可植入和无线供电的智能光电系统，可实现多模态和闭环操作。在这篇综述中，我们首先讨论了被动系统、纳米换能器和微光电二极管的材料平台、刺激机制和应用。然后，我们回顾了有机和无机发光二极管在光遗传学和可植入无线光电系统中的应用，这些系统通过使用发光二极管、无线功率传输电路和反馈回路来实现闭环光遗传学神经调节。从研究和临床角度探索材料和机制以及呈现的应用为我们提供了对光学神经调节领域的全面理解，包括其优势和挑战，以在未来构建更优越的系统。
