Advances in Biointegrated Wearable and Implantable Optoelectronic Devices for Cardiac Healthcare.

With the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, it is imperative that medical monitoring and treatment become more instantaneous and comfortable for patients. Recently, wearable and implantable optoelectronic devices can be seamlessly integrated into human body to enable physiological monitoring and treatment in an imperceptible and spatiotemporally unconstrained manner, opening countless possibilities for the intelligent healthcare paradigm. To achieve biointegrated cardiac healthcare, researchers have focused on novel strategies for the construction of flexible/stretchable optoelectronic devices and systems. Here, we overview the progress of biointegrated flexible and stretchable optoelectronics for wearable and implantable cardiac healthcare devices. Firstly, the device design is addressed, including the mechanical design, interface adhesion, and encapsulation strategies. Next, the practical applications of optoelectronic devices for cardiac physiological monitoring, cardiac optogenetics, and nongenetic stimulation are presented. Finally, an outlook on biointegrated flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices and systems for intelligent cardiac healthcare is discussed.