An Automated Framework for Histopathological Nucleus Segmentation With Deep Attention Integrated Networks.

Clinical management and accurate disease diagnosis are evolving from qualitative stage to the quantitative stage, particularly at the cellular level. However, the manual process of histopathological analysis is lab-intensive and time-consuming. Meanwhile, the accuracy is limited by the experience of the pathologist. Therefore, deep learning-empowered computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is emerging as an important topic in digital pathology to streamline the standard process of automatic tissue analysis. Automated accurate nucleus segmentation can not only help pathologists make more accurate diagnosis, save time and labor, but also achieve consistent and efficient diagnosis results. However, nucleus segmentation is susceptible to staining variation, uneven nucleus intensity, background noises, and nucleus tissue differences in biopsy specimens. To solve these problems, we propose Deep Attention Integrated Networks (DAINets), which mainly built on self-attention based spatial attention module and channel attention module. In addition, we also introduce a feature fusion branch to fuse high-level representations with low-level features for multi-scale perception, and employ the mark-based watershed algorithm to refine the predicted segmentation maps. Furthermore, in the testing phase, we design Individual Color Normalization (ICN) to settle the dyeing variation problem in specimens. Quantitative evaluations on the multi-organ nucleus dataset indicate the priority of our automated nucleus segmentation framework.