Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium.
Chemosphere. 2023 Jul;328:138570. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138570. Epub 2023 Apr 3.
Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products. Studies investigating obesogenic or cardiovascular effects of parabens show discordant results, while data on preschool children are lacking. Paraben exposure during early childhood could have profound cardiometabolic effects later in life.
In this cross-sectional study paraben concentrations [methyl (MeP), ethyl (EtP), propyl (PrP), butyl (BuP)] were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in 300 urinary samples of 4-6-year-old children of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Paraben values below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were imputed by censored likelihood multiple imputation. The associations between log-transformed paraben values and cardiometabolic measurements (BMI z-scores, waist circumference, blood pressure and retinal microvasculature) were analyzed in multiple linear regression models with a priori selected covariates. Effect modification by sex was investigated by including interaction terms.
Geometric means (geometric SD) of urinary MeP, EtP, and PrP levels above the LOQ were 32.60 (6.64), 1.26 (3.45), and 4.82 (4.11) μg/L, respectively. For BuP more than 96% of all measurements were below the LOQ. Regarding the microvasculature, we found direct associations between MeP and central retinal venular equivalent (β = 1.23, p = 0.039) and PrP with the retinal tortuosity index (x10(β = 1.75, p = 0.0044). Furthermore, we identified inverse associations between MeP and ∑parabens with BMI z-scores (β = -0.067, p = 0.015 and β = -0.070, p = 0.014 respectively), and EtP with mean arterial pressure (β = -0.69, p = 0.048). The direction of association between EtP and BMI z-scores showed evidence for sex-specific differences with a direct trend in boys (β = 0.10, p = 0.060).
Already at young age paraben exposure is associated with potentially adverse changes in the retinal microvasculature.
对苯二甲酸酯作为一种广泛应用于个人护理产品中的抗菌防腐剂。研究表明，对苯二甲酸酯具有致肥胖或心血管的作用，但结果并不一致，而针对学龄前儿童的研究则较为缺乏。儿童早期接触对苯二甲酸酯可能会对其日后的心脏代谢健康产生深远影响。
本横断面研究通过超高效液相色谱/串联质谱法，检测了 300 名 4-6 岁儿童尿液中的对苯二甲酸酯[甲基（MeP）、乙基（EtP）、丙基（PrP）、丁基（BuP）]浓度。通过有界似然多重插补法对低于定量限（LOQ）的对苯二甲酸酯值进行了估算。采用多线性回归模型，以预先选择的协变量为基础，分析了经对数转换后的对苯二甲酸酯值与心脏代谢测量值（BMI z 分数、腰围、血压和视网膜微血管）之间的相关性。通过包括交互项，研究了性别对效应的修饰作用。
高于 LOQ 的尿中 MeP、EtP 和 PrP 的几何平均值（几何标准差）分别为 32.60（6.64）、1.26（3.45）和 4.82（4.11）μg/L。而对于 BuP，超过 96%的测量值均低于 LOQ。关于微血管，我们发现 MeP 与中央视网膜静脉等效值（β=1.23，p=0.039）呈正相关，PrP 与视网膜扭曲指数（x10，β=1.75，p=0.0044）呈正相关。此外，我们还发现 MeP 与∑对苯二甲酸酯与 BMI z 分数呈负相关（β=-0.067，p=0.015 和 β=-0.070，p=0.014），EtP 与平均动脉压呈负相关（β=-0.69，p=0.048）。EtP 与 BMI z 分数之间的关联方向显示出性别特异性差异的证据，男孩呈直接趋势（β=0.10，p=0.060）。
在幼儿时期，对苯二甲酸酯的暴露就与视网膜微血管的潜在不良变化有关。
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