Linn B J, Mazza J J, Friedenberg W R
Postgrad Med. 1986 May 1;79(6):171-80. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1986.11699390.
Heparin (Lipo-Hepin, Liquaemin Sodium) and warfarin sodium (Coumadin, Panwarfin) are the classic anticoagulants in use for venous thromboembolic disease. They work by modifying the coagulation mechanism, heparin having an immediate effect and warfarin having a more delayed effect. The most common adverse effects of anticoagulation therapy are hemorrhagic complications. Thrombolytic therapy should be considered in all patients with massive pulmonary embolism with hypotension and in patients with deep venous thrombosis in the popliteal area or higher. Such therapy has been shown to help preserve the pulmonary microcirculation after pulmonary embolism and to decrease the incidence of the postthrombotic syndrome following deep venous thrombosis. If certain clinical guidelines are followed rigidly, the incidence of significant bleeding complications is low. Although the use of tissue plasminogen activator in venoocclusive disease has been limited to isolated cases, results have been very promising.
肝素（脂肝素、速避凝钠）和华法林钠（香豆素、苄丙酮香豆素钠）是用于静脉血栓栓塞性疾病的经典抗凝剂。它们通过改变凝血机制发挥作用，肝素起效迅速，华法林起效较迟。抗凝治疗最常见的不良反应是出血并发症。对于所有伴有低血压的大面积肺栓塞患者以及腘窝及以上部位深静脉血栓形成的患者，均应考虑溶栓治疗。已证明这种治疗有助于肺栓塞后保留肺微循环，并降低深静脉血栓形成后血栓形成后综合征的发生率。如果严格遵循某些临床指南，严重出血并发症的发生率较低。尽管组织纤溶酶原激活剂在静脉闭塞性疾病中的应用仅限于个别病例，但结果非常令人鼓舞。
