Ntontis Evangelos, Blackburn Angélique M, Han Hyemin, Stöckli Sabrina, Milfont Taciano L, Tuominen Jarno, Griffin Siobhán M, Ikizer Gözde, Jeftic Alma, Chrona Stavroula, Nasheedha Aishath, Liutsko Liudmila, Vestergren Sara
School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, United Kingdom.
Department of Psychology and Communication, Texas A&M International University, USA.
J Environ Psychol. 2023 Jun;88:102007. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102007. Epub 2023 Apr 6.
Primary stressors are direct outcomes of extreme events (e.g., viruses, floodwater) whereas secondary stressors stem from pre-disaster life circumstances and societal arrangements (e.g., illness, problematic pre-disaster policies) or from inefficient responses to the extreme event. Secondary stressors can cause significant long-term damage to people affected but are also tractable and amenable to change. In this study we explored the association between secondary stressors, social identity processes, social support, and perceived stress and resilience. Pre-registered analyses of data from the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey Round II ( = 14,600; 43 countries) show that secondary stressors are positively associated with perceived stress and negatively associated with resilience, even when controlling for the effects of primary stressors. Being a woman or having lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher exposure to secondary stressors, higher perceived stress, and lower resilience. Importantly, social identification is positively associated with expected support and with increased resilience and lower perceived stress. However, neither gender, SES, or social identification moderated the relationship between secondary stressors and perceived stress and resilience. In conclusion, systemic reforms and the availability of social support are paramount to reducing the effects of secondary stressors.
主要压力源是极端事件的直接后果（如病毒、洪水），而次要压力源则源于灾前生活状况和社会安排（如疾病、有问题的灾前政策）或对极端事件的低效应对。次要压力源会对受影响人群造成重大的长期损害，但也是可以控制且易于改变的。在本研究中，我们探讨了次要压力源、社会认同过程、社会支持与感知压力和恢复力之间的关联。对COVIDiSTRESS全球第二轮调查数据（n = 14,600；43个国家）的预注册分析表明，即使在控制了主要压力源的影响后，次要压力源仍与感知压力呈正相关，与恢复力呈负相关。女性或社会经济地位（SES）较低与更高程度地暴露于次要压力源、更高的感知压力以及更低的恢复力相关。重要的是，社会认同与预期支持、增强的恢复力以及更低的感知压力呈正相关。然而，性别、SES或社会认同均未调节次要压力源与感知压力和恢复力之间的关系。总之，系统性改革和社会支持的可得性对于减轻次要压力源的影响至关重要。
