Mawardi Mira, Indrawati Agustin, Wibawan I Wayan Teguh, Lusiastuti Angela Mariana
School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (SVMBS), IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
Main Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Selabintana No. 37, Selabatu, Kec, Cikole, Kota Sukabumi, Jawa Barat 43114, Indonesia.
Vet World. 2023 Feb;16(2):264-271. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.264-271. Epub 2023 Feb 11.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that can increase mortality and morbidity rates and adversely affect health. Therefore, AMR control must be carried out in various sectors, including the fisheries sector, using probiotics. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics, including bacteria used for probiotics. This study aimed to isolate bacteria as potential producers of extracellular enzymes, phenotypic characterization, and antibiotic-resistant gene patterns.
In this study, 459 bacterial isolates were isolated from the stomach of tilapia in Indonesia. Tilapia was obtained from Sukabumi, Ciamis, Serang, Banjarnegara, Jayapura, Sorong, Manokwari Selatan, Takalar, Lampung, Batam, and Mandiangin. Enzymatic bacteria were identified. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by agar disk diffusion, and genotypic detection of encoding genes was performed using a molecular method.
This study obtained 137 isolates (29.84%) that can produce extracellular enzymes. The highest number of E-sensitive isolates was found, including 130 isolates (94.89%). Six isolates (6/137) can produce four enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulose, and lipase), and they were sensitive to antibiotics. A total of 99 isolates can produce extracellular enzymes, and they were sensitive to antibiotics. Such isolates serve as a consortium of probiotic candidates. The isolates that are resistant to oxytetracycline (OT), erythromycin (E), tetracycline (TE), and enrofloxacin (ENR) included 15 isolates (10.95%), seven isolates (5.11%), three isolates (2.19%), and one isolate (0.73%), respectively. In addition, four isolates (2.92%) were detected as multidrug-resistant. The (A) gene obtained the highest result of detection of resistance genes in isolates that were intermediate and resistant to TE and OT. Isolates that serve as ENR intermediates have a high (S) resistance gene.
The data in this study provide the latest update that bacteria can serve as a consortium of potential probiotics with antibiotic-resistant genes for the treatment of fish. Bacteria that are intermediate to antibiotics may contain resistance genes. The results of this study will improve the policy of probiotic standards in Indonesia.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是一个全球性问题，可增加死亡率和发病率，并对健康产生不利影响。因此，必须在包括渔业部门在内的各个部门使用益生菌来控制AMR。细菌可对抗生素产生耐药性，包括用于益生菌的细菌。本研究旨在分离作为细胞外酶潜在生产者的细菌、进行表型特征分析以及分析抗生素耐药基因模式。
在本研究中，从印度尼西亚罗非鱼的胃中分离出459株细菌分离物。罗非鱼取自苏卡布米、芝阿美、西冷、班贾内加拉、贾亚普拉、索龙、南马诺夸里、塔卡拉、楠榜、巴淡和曼迪安金。对产酶细菌进行了鉴定。采用琼脂纸片扩散法进行抗菌药敏试验，并使用分子方法对编码基因进行基因型检测。
本研究获得了137株（29.84%）能够产生细胞外酶的分离物。发现对E敏感的分离物数量最多，其中包括130株（94.89%）。6株分离物（6/137）可产生四种酶（淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶），且它们对抗生素敏感。共有99株分离物可产生细胞外酶，且它们对抗生素敏感。这些分离物可作为益生菌候选菌群。对土霉素（OT）、红霉素（E）、四环素（TE）和恩诺沙星（ENR）耐药的分离物分别有15株（10.95%）、7株（5.11%）、3株（2.19%）和1株（0.73%）。此外，检测到4株（2.92%）为多重耐药。在对TE和OT呈中介和耐药的分离物中，（A）基因的耐药基因检测结果最高。作为ENR中介的分离物具有较高的（S）耐药基因。
本研究的数据提供了最新信息，即细菌可作为具有抗生素耐药基因的潜在益生菌菌群用于鱼类治疗。对抗生素呈中介的细菌可能含有耐药基因。本研究结果将完善印度尼西亚益生菌标准政策。
