School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X 01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X 01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2023 Jun 15;230:115358. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115358. Epub 2023 Mar 30.
The continuous release of antiretroviral drugs into the environmental has resulted in the interest to assess their occurrence in various environmental matrices. Their presence has led to antiretroviral drugs being considered the pollutants of concern due to their possible alterations of the ecosystem as well as the antiviral resistance that may develop upon their unintentional consumption. Therefore, in this work, solid phase extraction (SPE), ultrasonic extraction (UE), Soxhlet extration (SE) and liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector (LC-PDA) methods have been optimized and validated. They were then applied for the simultaneous determination of abacavir, nevirapine and efavirenz antiretroviral drugs in wastewater, river water, sludge, soil and sediments. The percentage recoveries ranged from 71% to 112% for SPE, 88 - 108% for SE and 61 - 104% for UE. Good precision with a relative standard deviation less than 20% in all compounds for all methods was obtained. The LODs and LOQs ranged between 0.68 and 0.77 µg/L and 2.1-2.4 µg/L for SPE; 0.8-0.9 µg/kg and 2.3-2.8 µg/kg for SE and 1.6-2.8 µg/kg and 4.9 - 7.0 µg/kg for UE, respectively. The concentrations ranged from <lod - 102 µg/L, <lod - 814 µg/L, and <lod - 6759 µg/L, <lod - 138 µg/g, <lod - 98.9 µg/g, in river water, wastewater, sludge, soil and sediment samples, respectively. Abacavir was dominant in water while efavirenz was dominant in soil/sediments. The results showed that SE is more sensitive and more accurate than UE, hence it can be recommended for routine analysis despite its longer extraction times. The percentage removal efficiency ranged from 44% to 87% for nevirapine, 6-53% for efavirenz, and 75-91% for abacavir which indicates that these compounds were not completely removed during the WWTP processes, hence they ended up in river waters.
抗病毒药物不断被排放到环境中，这引起了人们对其在各种环境基质中存在情况的关注。这些药物的存在导致它们被认为是需要关注的污染物，因为它们可能会改变生态系统，以及在被意外摄入时可能产生的抗病毒耐药性。因此，在这项工作中，我们优化并验证了固相萃取 (SPE)、超声提取 (UE)、索氏提取 (SE) 和液相色谱与光电二极管阵列检测器 (LC-PDA) 方法。然后，我们将这些方法应用于废水中、河水中、污泥中、土壤中和沉积物中同时测定阿巴卡韦、奈韦拉平、依非韦伦这三种抗病毒药物。SPE 的回收率在 71%至 112%之间，SE 在 88%至 108%之间，UE 在 61%至 104%之间。所有方法的所有化合物的相对标准偏差均小于 20%，表明精密度良好。SPE 的检出限和定量限在 0.68 至 0.77μg/L 之间，LOQs 在 2.1 至 2.4μg/L 之间；SE 的检出限和定量限在 0.8 至 0.9μg/kg 之间，LOQs 在 2.3 至 2.8μg/kg 之间；UE 的检出限和定量限在 1.6 至 2.8μg/kg 之间，LOQs 在 4.9 至 7.0μg/kg 之间。河水中的浓度范围为<LOD-102μg/L，废水中的浓度范围为<LOD-814μg/L，污泥中的浓度范围为<LOD-6759μg/L，土壤中的浓度范围为<LOD-138μg/g，沉积物中的浓度范围为<LOD-98.9μg/g。阿巴卡韦在水中占主导地位，而依非韦伦在土壤/沉积物中占主导地位。结果表明，SE 比 UE 更灵敏、更准确，因此尽管提取时间较长，仍可推荐用于常规分析。奈韦拉平的去除效率在 44%至 87%之间，依非韦伦在 6%至 53%之间，阿巴卡韦在 75%至 91%之间，这表明这些化合物在 WWTP 处理过程中并未被完全去除，最终进入了河水中。
