Nechita Constantin, Iordache Andreea Maria, Voica Cezara, Costinel Diana, Botoran Oana Romina, Popescu Diana Ionela, Șuvar Niculina Sonia
National Research and Development Institute for Forestry "Marin Drăcea"-INCDS, 128 Boulvard Eroilor, 077190 Voluntari, Romania.
National Research and Development Institute of Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, 4 Uzinei Str., 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
Foods. 2023 Apr 4;12(7):1526. doi: 10.3390/foods12071526.
The climate warming trend challenges the chemical risk associated with wine production worldwide. The present study investigated the possible difference between chemical wine profile during the drought year 2012 compared to the post-drought year 2013. Toxic metals (Cd and Pb), microelements (Mn, Ni, Zn, Al, Ba, and Cu), macroelements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and P), isotopic ratios (Sr/Sr and Pb/Pb), stable isotopes (O, C, (D/H), and (D/H)), and climatic data were analyzed. The multivariate technique, correlation analysis, factor analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used for data interpretation. The maximum temperature had a maximum difference when comparing data year apart. Indeed, extreme droughts were noted in only the spring and early summer of 2012 and in 2013, which increased the mean value of ground frost days. The microelements, macroelements, and Pb presented extreme effects in 2012, emphasizing more variability in terms of the type of wine. Extremely high Cd values were found in the wine samples analyzed, at up to 10.1 µg/L. The relationship between precipitation and O from wine was complex, indicating grape formation under the systematic influence of the current year precipitation, and differences between years were noted. C had disentangled values, with no differentiation between years, and when coupled with the deuterium-hydrogen ratio, it could sustain the hypothesis of possible adulteration. In the current analysis, the Sr/Sr showed higher values than in other Romanian studies. The temperature had a strong positive correlation with Pb, while the ground frost day frequency correlated with both Pb and Cd toxic elements in the wine. Other significant relationships were disclosed between the chemical properties of wine and climate data. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated that heat stress had significant importance in the chemical profile of the wine, and the ground frost exceeded the influence of water stress, especially in Transylvania.
气候变暖趋势给全球葡萄酒生产带来的化学风险构成了挑战。本研究调查了2012年干旱年份与干旱后一年2013年葡萄酒化学成分之间可能存在的差异。分析了有毒金属（镉和铅）、微量元素（锰、镍、锌、铝、钡和铜）、常量元素（钠、镁、钾、钙和磷）、同位素比率（锶/锶和铅/铅）、稳定同位素（氧、碳、（氘/氢）和（氘/氢））以及气候数据。采用多变量技术、相关分析、因子分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和层次聚类分析进行数据解读。在比较相隔一年的数据时，最高温度差异最大。事实上，仅在2012年春季和初夏以及2013年出现了极端干旱，这增加了地面霜冻日的平均值。微量元素、常量元素和铅在2012年呈现出极端影响，突出了葡萄酒类型方面更大的变异性。在所分析的葡萄酒样品中发现了极高的镉值，高达10.1微克/升。葡萄酒中降水与氧之间的关系很复杂，表明当年降水的系统影响下葡萄的形成，且各年份之间存在差异。碳的值较为复杂，各年份之间没有差异，当与氘氢比结合时，它可以支持可能掺假的假设。在当前分析中，锶/锶显示出比罗马尼亚其他研究更高的值。温度与铅呈强正相关，而地面霜冻日频率与葡萄酒中的铅和镉这两种有毒元素都相关。葡萄酒的化学性质与气候数据之间还揭示了其他显著关系。多变量统计分析表明，热应激在葡萄酒的化学成分中具有重要意义，地面霜冻超过了水分胁迫的影响，尤其是在特兰西瓦尼亚地区。
