Department of Natural Science, Middlesex University, London, UK.
Department of Histopathology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Curr Oncol Rep. 2023 Jul;25(7):709-728. doi: 10.1007/s11912-023-01421-5. Epub 2023 Apr 13.
Angiogenesis plays a key role in bladder cancer (BC) pathogenesis. In the last two decades, an increasing number of publications depicting a multitude of novel angiogenic molecules and pathways have emerged. The growing complexity necessitates an evaluation of the breadth of current knowledge to highlight key findings and guide future research.
Angiogenesis is a dynamic biologic process that is inherently difficult to assess. Clinical assessment of angiogenesis in BCs is advancing with the integration of image analysis systems and dynamic contrast-enhanced and magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly influence the angiogenic process, and further research is needed to assess their potential as therapeutic targets. A rapidly growing list of non-coding RNAs affect angiogenesis in BCs, partly through modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity. Vascular mimicry (VM) has been repeatedly associated with increased tumour aggressiveness in BCs. Standardised assays are needed for appropriate identification and quantification of VM channels. This article demonstrates the dynamic and complex nature of the angiogenic process and asserts the need for further studies to deepen our understanding.
血管生成在膀胱癌（BC）发病机制中起关键作用。在过去的二十年中，大量描述多种新的血管生成分子和途径的出版物不断涌现。不断增加的复杂性需要评估当前知识的广度，以突出关键发现并指导未来的研究。
血管生成是一个动态的生物学过程，本质上难以评估。BC 中血管生成的临床评估随着图像分析系统以及动态对比增强和磁共振成像（DCE-MRI）的整合而不断发展。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAMs）显著影响血管生成过程，需要进一步研究以评估它们作为治疗靶点的潜力。大量非编码 RNA 影响 BC 中的血管生成，部分通过调节血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的活性。血管模拟（VM）在 BC 中与肿瘤侵袭性增加反复相关。需要标准化的检测方法来适当识别和定量 VM 通道。本文展示了血管生成过程的动态和复杂性质，并强调需要进一步研究以加深我们的理解。
