Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India.
Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India.
Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(13):1002-1008. doi: 10.2174/1381612829666230417083133.
The production of nanoparticles (NPs) from chemical and physical synthesis has ended due to the involvement of toxic byproducts and harsh analytical conditions. Innovation and research in nanoparticle synthesis are derived from biomaterials that have gained attention due to their novel features, such as ease of synthesis, low-cost, eco-friendly approach, and high water solubility. Nanoparticles obtained through macrofungi involve several mushroom species, i.e., Pleurotus spp., Ganoderma spp., Lentinus spp., and Agaricus bisporus. It is well-known that macrofungi possess high nutritional, antimicrobial, anti-cancerous, and immune-modulatory properties. Nanoparticle synthesis via medicinal and edible mushrooms is a striking research field, as macrofungi act as an eco-friendly biofilm that secretes essential enzymes to reduce metal ions. The mushroom-isolated nanoparticles exhibit longer shelf life, higher stability, and increased biological activities. The synthesis mechanisms are still unknown; evidence suggests that fungal flavones and reductases have a significant role. Several macrofungi have been utilized for metal synthesis (such as Ag, Au, Pt, Fe) and non-metal nanoparticles (Cd, Se, etc.). These nanoparticles have found significant applications in advancing industrial and bio-medical ventures. A complete understanding of the synthesis mechanism will help optimize the synthesis protocols and control the shape and size of nanoparticles. This review highlights various aspects of NP production via mushrooms, including its synthesis from mycelium and the fruiting body of macrofungi. Also, we discuss the applications of different technologies in NP high-scale production via mushrooms.
由于涉及有毒副产品和苛刻的分析条件，化学和物理合成法生产纳米颗粒（NPs）已经结束。纳米颗粒合成的创新和研究源于生物材料，由于其独特的特性，如易于合成、低成本、环保方法和高水溶性，引起了人们的关注。通过大型真菌获得的纳米颗粒涉及多种蘑菇物种，例如平菇、灵芝、香菇和双孢蘑菇。众所周知，大型真菌具有很高的营养价值、抗菌、抗癌和免疫调节特性。通过药用和食用蘑菇合成纳米颗粒是一个引人注目的研究领域，因为大型真菌作为一种环保的生物膜，可以分泌必需的酶来还原金属离子。蘑菇分离的纳米颗粒具有更长的保质期、更高的稳定性和更高的生物活性。合成机制尚不清楚；有证据表明，真菌类黄酮和还原酶起着重要作用。已经利用几种大型真菌来合成金属（如 Ag、Au、Pt、Fe）和非金属纳米颗粒（Cd、Se 等）。这些纳米颗粒在推进工业和生物医学领域的发展中找到了重要的应用。全面了解合成机制将有助于优化合成方案，并控制纳米颗粒的形状和尺寸。本文综述了通过蘑菇生产纳米颗粒的各个方面，包括从菌丝体和大型真菌子实体中合成纳米颗粒。还讨论了不同技术在蘑菇中大规模生产纳米颗粒的应用。
