Hospital-acquired bacteraemia at a large UK NHS Trust. A return towards baseline following implementation of a 5-year quality improvement programme.

INTRODUCTION

Until recently, healthcare-associated bacteraemia was a neglected area of infection prevention and control (IPC), despite a 30-day mortality of 15-20%. Recently, the UK Department of Health (DH) introduced a target to reduce hospital-acquired bacteraemias by 50% over a five-year period. Following implementation of multifaceted and multidisciplinary interventions, the aim of this study was to determine its impact on achieving this target.

METHODS

From April 2017 to March 2022, consecutive hospital-acquired bacteraemic inpatients within Barts Health NHS Trust were prospectively studied. Using quality improvement methodology, and implementing the plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycle at each stage, antibiotic prophylaxis for high-risk procedures were modified and 'good practice' interventions around medical devices introduced. Characteristics of bacteraemic patients were analysed and trends in bacteraemic episodes recorded. Statistical analysis was undertaken in Stata SE (version 16).

RESULTS

There were 770 patients and 797 episodes of hospital-acquired bacteraemias. Following a baseline of 134 episodes in 2017-18, this peaked at 194 in 2019-20 before dropping to 157 in 2020-21 and 159 in 2021-22. Most hospital-acquired bacteraemias occurred in those aged > 50, 551 (69.1%), with the highest proportion occurring in those age > 70, 292 (36.6%). Hospital-acquired bacteraemia occurred more commonly between October to December.Most episodes occurred in either medicine or care of the elderly patients, 345 (43.3%), specialist surgery, 141 (17.7%), haematology/oncology, 127 (15.9%) and patients requiring critical care, 108 (13.6%). The urinary tract, 336 (42.2%), both catheter and non-catheter associated, was the commonest sites of infection. 175 (22.0%) of bacteraemic isolates were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESB) producing. Co-amoxiclav resistance was 315 (39.5%), ciprofloxacin resistance 246 (30.9%) and gentamicin resistance 123 (15.4%). At 7 days, 77 patients (9.7%; 95% CI 7.4-12.2%) died and by 30 days this had risen to 129 (16.2%; 95% CI 13.7-19.9%).

CONCLUSION

Despite implementation of quality improvement (QI) interventions, it was not possible to achieve a 50% reduction from baseline although an 18% reduction was achieved from 2019-20 onwards. Our work highlights the importance of antimicrobial prophylaxis and medical device 'good practice'. Over time, these interventions, if properly implemented, could further reduce healthcare-associated bacteraemic infection.