Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Department of Surgery, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
BMC Public Health. 2023 Apr 26;23(1):771. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15695-8.
Morbidity and mortality from road traffic crashes are steadily increasing globally and they remain a major public health challenge. This burden is disproportionately borne by low-and middle-income countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa where motorcycle helmet use is low and where there are challenges of affordability and availability of standard helmets. We sought to assess the availability and cost of helmets in retail outlets in northern Ghana.
A market survey of 408 randomly sampled automobile-related retail outlets in Tamale, northern Ghana was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with helmet availability and gamma regression was used to identify factors associated with their cost.
Helmets were available in 233 (57.1%) of surveyed retail outlets. On multivariable logistic regression, street vendors were 48% less likely and motorcycle repair shops 86% less likely to sell helmets than automobile/motorcycle shops. Outlets outside the Central Business District were 46% less likely to sell helmets than outlets inside that district. Nigerian retailers were five times more likely to sell helmets than Ghanaian retailers. Median helmet cost was 8.50 USD. Helmet cost decreased by 16% at street vendors, 21% at motorcycle repair shops, and 25% at outlets run by the owner. The cost increased by older age of retailer (1% per year of age), education level of retailer (12% higher for secondary education, 56% higher for tertiary education, compared to basic education), and sex (14% higher for male retailer).
Motorcycle helmets were available in some retail outlets in northern Ghana. Efforts to improve helmet availability should address outlets in which they are less commonly sold, including street vendors, motorcycle repair shops, outlets run by Ghanaians, and outlets outside the Central Business District.
全球范围内，道路交通碰撞导致的发病率和死亡率持续上升，这仍然是一个主要的公共卫生挑战。这种负担不成比例地由中低收入国家承担，尤其是撒哈拉以南非洲地区，那里的摩托车头盔使用率较低，并且存在头盔价格负担能力和供应标准头盔的可用性方面的挑战。我们旨在评估加纳北部零售点头盔的供应和价格。
对加纳北部塔马利的 408 个随机抽样的汽车相关零售店进行了市场调查。使用多变量逻辑回归来确定与头盔供应相关的因素，使用伽马回归来确定与头盔成本相关的因素。
在调查的零售店中，有 233 家（57.1%）提供头盔。在多变量逻辑回归中，与汽车/摩托车商店相比，街头小贩销售头盔的可能性低 48%，摩托车修理店销售头盔的可能性低 86%。位于中央商务区之外的门店比位于该区域内的门店销售头盔的可能性低 46%。尼日利亚零售商销售头盔的可能性是加纳零售商的五倍。头盔的中位数价格为 8.50 美元。头盔的价格在街头小贩处降低了 16%，在摩托车修理店降低了 21%，在店主经营的门店降低了 25%。零售商的年龄（每年增加 1%）、零售商的教育水平（与基础教育相比，中等教育增加 12%，高等教育增加 56%）和性别（男性零售商增加 14%）增加了头盔的价格。
在加纳北部的一些零售点可以购买到摩托车头盔。为了提高头盔的供应，应该针对头盔销售较少的零售店，包括街头小贩、摩托车修理店、由加纳人经营的门店以及位于中央商务区以外的门店。
