Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Jouf University, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Apr;11(4):e838. doi: 10.1002/iid3.838.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to the global pandemic worldwide. Systemic complications in Covid-19 are mainly related to the direct SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effects, associated hyperinflammation, hypercytokinemia, and the development of cytokine storm (CS). As well, Covid-19 complications are developed due to the propagation of oxidative and thrombotic events which may progress to a severe state called oxidative storm and thrombotic storm (TS), respectively. In addition, inflammatory and lipid storms are also developed in Covid-19 due to the activation of inflammatory cells and the release of bioactive lipids correspondingly. Therefore, the present narrative review aimed to elucidate the interrelated relationship between different storm types in Covid-19 and the development of the mixed storm (MS). In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces various storm types including CS, inflammatory storm, lipid storm, TS and oxidative storm. These storms are not developing alone since there is a close relationship between them. Therefore, the MS seems to be more appropriate to be related to severe Covid-19 than CS, since it develops in Covid-19 due to the intricate interface between reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory cytokines, complement activation, coagulation disorders, and activated inflammatory signaling pathway.
新型冠状病毒病(COVID-19)是由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 型(SARS-CoV-2)引起的,导致全球大流行。COVID-19 的全身并发症主要与 SARS-CoV-2 的直接细胞病变作用、相关的过度炎症、细胞因子血症和细胞因子风暴(CS)的发展有关。此外,COVID-19 的并发症是由于氧化和血栓形成事件的传播引起的,这些事件可能分别进展为严重状态,即氧化风暴和血栓形成风暴(TS)。此外,由于炎症细胞的激活和相应的生物活性脂质的释放,COVID-19 中也会发生炎症和脂质风暴。因此,本叙述性综述旨在阐明 COVID-19 中不同风暴类型之间的相互关系以及混合风暴(MS)的发展。总之,SARS-CoV-2 感染会引发多种风暴类型,包括 CS、炎症风暴、脂质风暴、TS 和氧化风暴。这些风暴并非单独发展,因为它们之间存在密切关系。因此,与 CS 相比,MS 似乎与严重 COVID-19 更为相关,因为它是由于活性氧、促炎细胞因子、补体激活、凝血障碍和激活的炎症信号通路之间复杂的相互作用在 COVID-19 中发展起来的。
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023-4
Front Immunol. 2021
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023-3
Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2021
Clin Immunol. 2021-1
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021-5-12
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2021-10
Cell Stress Chaperones. 2023-11
Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2022
Inflammopharmacology. 2023-6
Cell Stress Chaperones. 2023-3
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2023-5
Mol Cell Biochem. 2023-10
Inflammopharmacology. 2023-2
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023-3
Inflammopharmacology. 2023-2