The binding of fucose-containing glycoproteins by hepatic lectins. The binding specificity of the rat liver fucose lectin.

The parameters that affect the interaction of ligands with a fucose-binding lectin from rat liver have been examined. 125I-Fucosyl-bovine serum albumin (Fuc-BSA) containing 50 residues of fucose/molecule was used as the standard ligand. At low initial concentrations of ligand (10 ng/ml) and lectin (140 ng/ml), the reaction reaches equilibrium at pH 7.8, 23 degrees C, within 40 min. The binding of ligands is Ca2+ dependent with half-maximal binding occurring at 54 microM Ca2+; of several metal ions tested, only Sr2+ partially replaced Ca2+. Binding was maximal between pH 7.6 and 8.6, fell slightly up to pH 10, but fell markedly below pH 7. The lectin-ligand complexes dissociated at low pH, on removal of Ca2+, or in the presence of a large excess of competing ligand. The apparent association constant (Ka) for Fuc-BSA was 1.75 X 10(8) M-1. The fucose content of the Fuc-BSA also influenced binding, with little apparent binding below 24 fucose residues/molecule and maximal binding from 40 to 50 fucose residues/molecule. With knowledge of the parameters influencing binding, sensitive reproducible assays for the lectin were developed. The binding specificity of the lectin was examined by measuring the inhibition of 125I-Fuc-BSA binding by neoglycoproteins, monosaccharides, and glycosides or by direct binding of neoglycoproteins. Galactosides and beta-linked fucosides were the best ligands among the neoglycoproteins, with much weaker binding by mannosyl- or N-acetylglucosaminyl-BSA. On the basis of the pattern of inhibition of Fuc-BSA binding by various monosaccharides and glycosides, it is possible to propose the conformations of saccharides that best fit the lectin-binding site. The C1 conformation of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine fits best, although other not obviously related monosaccharides such as L-fucose, L-arabinose, and D-mannose can also assume conformations that permit them to be effective inhibitors. The pattern of binding of neoglycoproteins to the lectin differs from that of other pure hepatic lectins. Thus, the fucose lectin has a high affinity for Fuc-BSA and galactosyl-BSA but a low affinity for N-acetylglucosaminyl-BSA. The galactose lectin binds only galactosyl-BSA and shows little binding with either N-acetylglucosaminyl-BSA or Fuc-BSA. In contrast, the mannose/N-acetylglucosamine lectin binds N-acetylglucosaminyl-BSA and Fuc-BSA but not galactosyl-BSA.