Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS) Garibaldi Nesima, 95124 Catania, Italy.
Nutrients. 2023 Apr 16;15(8):1922. doi: 10.3390/nu15081922.
Limited evidence exists on the effects of maternal dietary patterns on birth weight, and most studies conducted so far did not adjust their findings for gestational age and sex, leading to potentially biased conclusions. In the present study, we applied a novel method, namely the clustering on principal components, to derive dietary patterns among 667 pregnant women from Catania (Italy) and to evaluate the associations with birth weight for gestational age. We identified two clusters reflecting distinct dietary patterns: the first one was mainly characterized by plant-based foods (e.g., potatoes, cooked and raw vegetables, legumes, soup, fruits, nuts, rice, wholemeal bread), fish and white meat, eggs, butter and margarine, coffee and tea; the second one consisted mainly of junk foods (sweets, dips, salty snacks, and fries), pasta, white bread, milk, vegetable and olive oils. Regarding small gestational age births, the main predictors were employment status and primiparity, but not the adherence to dietary patterns. By contrast, women belonging to cluster 2 had higher odds of large for gestational age (LGA) births than those belonging to cluster 1 (OR = 2.213; 95%CI = 1.047-4.679; = 0.038). Moreover, the odds of LGA increased by nearly 11% for each one-unit increase in pregestational BMI (OR = 1.107; 95%CI = 1.053-1.163; < 0.001). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to highlight a relationship between adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern and the likelihood of giving birth to a LGA newborn. This evidence adds to the current knowledge about the effects of diet on birth weight, which, however, remains limited and controversial.
目前关于母体饮食模式对出生体重的影响的证据有限，而且到目前为止，大多数研究都没有对其研究结果进行胎龄和性别调整，从而导致潜在的有偏差的结论。在本研究中，我们应用了一种新的方法，即主成分聚类，来推导来自卡塔尼亚（意大利）的 667 名孕妇的饮食模式，并评估其与胎龄出生体重的相关性。我们确定了两个反映不同饮食模式的聚类：第一个聚类主要以植物性食物为特征（如土豆、煮熟和生蔬菜、豆类、汤、水果、坚果、大米、全麦面包）、鱼类和白肉、鸡蛋、黄油和人造黄油、咖啡和茶；第二个聚类主要由垃圾食品（甜食、蘸料、咸零食和薯条）、意大利面、白面包、牛奶、蔬菜和橄榄油组成。对于小胎龄出生的婴儿，主要的预测因素是就业状况和初产妇，但饮食模式的依从性不是。相比之下，属于聚类 2 的女性与属于聚类 1 的女性相比，巨大儿（LGA）出生的几率更高（OR = 2.213；95%CI = 1.047-4.679； = 0.038）。此外，每个孕前 BMI 增加一个单位，LGA 的几率增加近 11%（OR = 1.107；95%CI = 1.053-1.163； < 0.001）。据我们所知，本研究首次强调了不健康饮食模式的依从性与 LGA 新生儿出生几率之间的关系。这一证据增加了关于饮食对出生体重影响的现有知识，但这些知识仍然有限且存在争议。
