Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
Nutrients. 2023 Apr 19;15(8):1969. doi: 10.3390/nu15081969.
In the last few years endurance sports have experienced a great increase in the number of competitions and participants. Dietary-nutritional planning is key for performing well during such competitions. To date, there is no questionnaire expressly developed to be able to analyze the consumption of liquids, foods, and supplements, as well as gastrointestinal problems in these events. This study describes the development of the Nutritional Intake Questionnaire for Endurance Competitions (NIQEC).
The study was composed in the following phases: (1) Bibliographic search for the most important nutrients, (2) focus groups (17 dietitian-nutritionists and 15 experienced athletes) and generation of items, (3) Delphi surveys, and (4) cognitive interviews.
After an initial shaping of the questionnaire with the items that emerged in the focus groups, their relevance was evaluated by means of the Delphi survey, which showed more than 80% approval for most items. Finally, the cognitive interviews indicated that the questionnaire was simple and complete for its purpose. The final NIQEC ( = 50 items) was divided in 5 sections: Demographic data; sports data; consumption of liquids, food and supplements before, during, and after the competition; gastrointestinal complaints, and dietary-nutritional planning for the competition.
The NICEQ is a useful tool that allows collecting information from participants on sociodemographic factors and gastrointestinal complaints, and estimating the intake of liquid, food, and supplements, for endurance competitions.
在过去的几年中，耐力运动的比赛和参与者数量都有了大幅增加。饮食营养规划是在这些比赛中取得优异成绩的关键。迄今为止，还没有专门开发的问卷来分析这些活动中的液体、食物和补充剂的消耗以及胃肠道问题。本研究描述了耐力运动竞赛营养摄入问卷（NIQEC）的开发。
该研究包括以下阶段：（1）文献检索最重要的营养素，（2）焦点小组（17 名营养师和 15 名经验丰富的运动员）和项目生成，（3）德尔菲调查，以及（4）认知访谈。
在焦点小组中出现的项目初步形成问卷后，通过德尔菲调查评估了其相关性，该调查显示大多数项目的赞成率超过 80%。最后，认知访谈表明该问卷简单明了，完全符合目的。最终的 NIQEC（= 50 个项目）分为 5 个部分：人口统计学数据；运动数据；比赛前、中、后液体、食物和补充剂的消耗；胃肠道投诉和比赛的饮食营养计划。
NIQEC 是一种有用的工具，可以从参与者那里收集有关社会人口因素和胃肠道投诉的信息，并估计耐力运动比赛中液体、食物和补充剂的摄入量。
