Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science Engineering, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
GEO-K s.r.l., 00133 Rome, Italy.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Apr 12;23(8):3917. doi: 10.3390/s23083917.
Remote sensing can represent an important instrument for monitoring landfills and their evolution over time. In general, remote sensing can offer a global and rapid view of the Earth's surface. Thanks to a wide variety of heterogeneous sensors, it can provide high-level information, making it a useful technology for many applications. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a review of relevant methods based on remote sensing for landfill identification and monitoring. The methods found in the literature make use of measurements acquired from both multi-spectral and radar sensors and exploit vegetation indexes, land surface temperature, and backscatter information, either separately or in combination. Moreover, additional information can be provided by atmospheric sounders able to detect gas emissions (e.g., methane) and hyperspectral sensors. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the full potential of Earth observation data for landfill monitoring, this article also provides applications of the main procedures presented to selected test sites. These applications highlight the potentialities of satellite-borne sensors for improving the detection and delimitation of landfills and enhancing the evaluation of waste disposal effects on environmental health. The results revealed that a single-sensor-based analysis can provide significant information on the landfill evolution. However, a data fusion approach that incorporates data acquired from heterogeneous sensors, including visible/near infrared, thermal infrared, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR), can result in a more effective instrument to fully support the monitoring of landfills and their effect on the surrounding area. In particular, the results show that a synergistic use of multispectral indexes, land surface temperature, and the backscatter coefficient retrieved from SAR sensors can improve the sensitivity to changes in the spatial geometry of the considered site.
遥感可以成为监测垃圾填埋场及其随时间演变的重要手段。通常来说，遥感可以提供地球表面的全局、快速视图。得益于种类繁多的异构传感器，它可以提供高级别的信息，因此是许多应用的有用技术。本文的主要目的是提供一份基于遥感的相关方法综述，用于识别和监测垃圾填埋场。文献中的方法利用多光谱和雷达传感器获取的测量值，并利用植被指数、地表温度和后向散射信息，单独或组合使用这些信息。此外，大气探测器能够探测气体排放（例如甲烷），高光谱传感器也可以提供额外的信息。为了全面了解地球观测数据在垃圾填埋场监测方面的全部潜力，本文还介绍了主要程序在选定测试地点的应用。这些应用突出了星载传感器在改进垃圾填埋场的检测和划定以及增强对废物处置对环境健康影响的评估方面的潜力。结果表明，基于单一传感器的分析可以提供有关垃圾填埋场演变的重要信息。然而，融合来自异构传感器的数据（包括可见/近红外、热红外和合成孔径雷达 (SAR)）的方法可以更有效地支持垃圾填埋场及其对周围地区的监测。特别是，结果表明，多光谱指数、地表温度和 SAR 传感器反演的后向散射系数的协同使用可以提高对所考虑地点空间几何变化的敏感性。
