Stanton M D, Todd T C, Heard D B, Kirschner S, Kleiman J I, Mowatt D T, Riley P, Scott S M, Van Deusen J M
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1978;5(2):125-50. doi: 10.3109/00952997809027993.
The chronic relapsing nature of heroin addiction can be explained from a family systems viewpoint. The addiction cycle is part of a family pattern involving a complex homeostatic system of interlocking feedback mechanisms. These serve to maintain the addiction and consequently the overall family stability. Drug-taking usually starts at adolescence. It is related to an intense fear of separation experienced by the family in response to the addict's attempts at individuation. The family becomes stuck at a particular developmental stage. Heroin provides a solution at several levels to the dilemma of whether or not to allow him independence. Paradoxically, it permits him to simultaneously be both close and distant, "in" and "out", competent and incompetent, relative to his family of origin. This is pseudoindividuation. An understanding of these concepts, and their integration into a homeostatic model, can provide the basis for effective treatment.
海洛因成瘾的慢性复发性本质可以从家庭系统的角度来解释。成瘾循环是家庭模式的一部分，涉及一个由相互关联的反馈机制构成的复杂稳态系统。这些机制有助于维持成瘾状态，进而维持整个家庭的稳定。吸毒通常始于青春期。这与家庭对成瘾者个体化尝试所经历的强烈分离恐惧有关。家庭在某个特定的发展阶段停滞不前。海洛因在几个层面上为是否允许成瘾者独立这一两难困境提供了一个解决方案。矛盾的是，相对于他的原生家庭，海洛因使他能够同时既亲密又疏远、既“融入”又“脱离”、既能干又无能。这就是假性个体化。理解这些概念，并将它们整合到一个稳态模型中，可以为有效治疗提供基础。
