Retrograde amnesia induced by post-trial injection of atropine into the caudate-putamen. Protective effect of the negative reinforcer.

A series of experiments was performed to test the reliability of previous reports which indicated that cholinergic blockade of the caudate-putamen produces memory deficits of passive avoidance, and to determine whether overtraining of this task protects against such deficits. In the first experiment the effects of different doses of atropine injected into the caudate-putamen of rats shortly after training were assessed, and a dose-dependent retention deficit was found. In two additional experiments it was observed that by increasing the magnitude of the negative reinforcer used in training, a protection against such retention deficit was produced. These results support the hypotheses that (a) cholinergic activity of the caudate-putamen is critically involved in memory processes that mediate passive avoidance behavior, and (b) after overtraining the control of this behavior is transferred from the striatal cholinergic system to other neurochemical systems within, or outside, the striatum.