Schmid Marit Anita, Solli Guro Strøm, Talsnes Rune Kjøsen, Moen Frode
Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
Front Sports Act Living. 2023 Apr 19;5:1110060. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1110060. eCollection 2023.
The current study investigated whether factors such as living residence, the coach-athlete working alliance, goal orientation, and intrinsic motivation could explain drop-out, and whether these factors differed between athletes included in the elite- vs. general sport programs during high school years. In total 257 cross-country skiers, graduated from three different Norwegian Top Sport schools during the period from 2015 to 2019, were recruited to retrospectively investigate their experiences related to the time period when they participated in programs for cross-country skiing at high school. In total 116 of these athletes completed an online survey including validated and standardized instruments for the assessment of the coach-athlete working alliance (CAWAI), goal orientation (GO), perceived satisfaction with their performances (PAP) and intrinsic motivation (IM). The results showed that 84% of the athletes had dropped out from cross-country skiing, while 16% were still active. The highest ranked fixed statements of causes for drop-out was "" (3.79 ± 1.11), "" (3.61 ± 1.30), "" (3.49 ± 1.28), "" (3.46 ± 1.18), and "" (3.25 ± 1.54). There were significant differences between active and drop-out in scores for reciprocity between the coaches' and the athletes' perceptions of goals (CAWAI-goal; 5.87 ± .98 vs. 5.07 ± 1.15; = .004), the coach-athlete relationship bond (CAWAI-bond; 6.08 ± .91 vs. 5.07 ± 1.38; = .001), and tasks chosen to reach the defined goals (CAWAI-task; 5.61 ± .92 vs. 4.90 ± 1.09; = .006). Furthermore, active athletes had higher mastery orientation (22.11 ± 2.88 vs. 20.00 ± 3.74; = .010). A hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis showed that place of residence and the coach-athlete working alliance were significant predictors of drop-out while mastery and performance goal orientation or intrinsic motivation were not significant. All five predictors explained 23% of the variability in drop out from cross-country skiing. Overall, 58% and 42% of the athletes participated in the elite and general programs for cross-country skiing during high school, respectively. The athletes that took part in the elite programs reported significantly stronger coach-athlete working alliances (CAWAI-sum; 14.46±3.10 vs. 14.28±3.37; = .000), higher mastery orientation (21.19±3.50 vs. 19.36±3.66; = .008), and performance satisfaction (PAP; 19.17±5.98 vs. 15.69±5.19; = .001) compared to the athletes attending general programs. The results are discussed in terms of existing knowledge on how place of residence, the coach-athlete working alliance, goal orientation, performances, and motivation might impact drop-out in cross-country skiing.
本研究调查了居住地点、教练-运动员工作联盟、目标定向和内在动机等因素是否能够解释运动员退出的原因，以及在高中阶段参加精英体育项目和普通体育项目的运动员在这些因素上是否存在差异。在2015年至2019年期间，从挪威三所不同的顶级体育学校毕业的257名越野滑雪运动员被招募来回顾性调查他们在高中参加越野滑雪项目期间的经历。其中共有116名运动员完成了一项在线调查，该调查包括用于评估教练-运动员工作联盟（CAWAI）、目标定向（GO）、对自身表现的感知满意度（PAP）和内在动机（IM）的经过验证的标准化工具。结果显示，84%的运动员已退出越野滑雪运动，而16%的运动员仍在从事这项运动。排名最高的导致退出的固定原因陈述为“”（3.79±1.11）、“”（3.61±1.30）、“”（3.49±1.28）、“”（3.46±1.18）和“”（3.25±1.54）。在教练和运动员对目标的看法的互惠性得分（CAWAI-目标；5.87±.98对5.07±1.15；=0.004）、教练-运动员关系纽带（CAWAI-纽带；6.08±.91对5.07±1.38；=0.001）以及为实现既定目标而选择的任务（CAWAI-任务；5.61±.92对4.90±1.09；=0.006）方面，仍在从事该项运动的运动员和已退出的运动员之间存在显著差异。此外，仍在从事该项运动的运动员具有更高的掌握目标定向（22.11±2.88对20.00±3.74；=0.010）。分层二元逻辑回归分析表明，居住地点和教练-运动员工作联盟是退出的显著预测因素，而掌握和成绩目标定向或内在动机则不显著。所有五个预测因素解释了越野滑雪运动员退出情况中23%的变异性。总体而言，分别有58%和42%的运动员在高中阶段参加了越野滑雪的精英项目和普通项目。与参加普通项目的运动员相比，参加精英项目的运动员报告的教练-运动员工作联盟显著更强（CAWAI-总和；14.46±3.10对14.28±3.37；=0.000）、掌握目标定向更高（21.19±3.50对19.36±3.66；=0.008）以及成绩满意度更高（PAP；19.17±5.98对15.69±5.19；=0.001）。将根据关于居住地点、教练-运动员工作联盟、目标定向、成绩和动机如何可能影响越野滑雪运动员退出的现有知识对结果进行讨论。
