Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall, Suite 6B, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Bone. 2023 Aug;173:116777. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116777. Epub 2023 May 6.
Musculoskeletal development and later post-natal homeostasis are highly dynamic processes, marked by rapid structural and functional changes across very short periods of time. Adult anatomy and physiology are derived from pre-existing cellular and biochemical states. Consequently, these early developmental states guide and predict the future of the system as a whole. Tools have been developed to mark, trace, and follow specific cells and their progeny either from one developmental state to the next or between circumstances of health and disease. There are now many such technologies alongside a library of molecular markers which may be utilized in conjunction to allow for precise development of unique cell 'lineages'. In this review, we first describe the development of the musculoskeletal system beginning as an embryonic germ layer and at each of the key developmental stages that follow. We then discuss these structures in the context of adult tissues during homeostasis, injury, and repair. Special focus is given in each of these sections to the key genes involved which may serve as markers of lineage or later in post-natal tissues. We then finish with a technical assessment of lineage tracing and the techniques and technologies currently used to mark cells, tissues, and structures within the musculoskeletal system.
肌肉骨骼系统的发育和后期的产后体内平衡是高度动态的过程，其特点是在非常短的时间内发生快速的结构和功能变化。成人解剖学和生理学源自先前存在的细胞和生化状态。因此，这些早期发育状态指导和预测整个系统的未来。已经开发出一些工具来标记、追踪和跟踪特定的细胞及其后代，无论是从一个发育状态到下一个状态，还是在健康和疾病的情况下。现在有许多这样的技术，以及一个分子标记库，可以结合使用，以允许精确地开发独特的细胞“谱系”。在这篇综述中，我们首先描述了肌肉骨骼系统的发育过程，从胚胎的胚层开始，然后描述每个关键的发育阶段。然后，我们在体内平衡、损伤和修复的背景下讨论这些成人组织中的结构。在这些章节中的每一个部分，我们都特别关注涉及的关键基因，这些基因可以作为谱系的标记，或者在产后组织中作为标记。最后，我们对谱系追踪进行了技术评估，并介绍了目前用于标记肌肉骨骼系统内细胞、组织和结构的技术和技术。
